Epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of dengue virus infection, and its trend in Ethiopia: a comprehensive literature review

Abstract

Dengue fever is a dengue virus infection, emerging rapidly and posing public health threat worldwide, primarily in tropical and subtropical countries. Nearly half of the world's population is now at risk of contracting the dengue virus, including new countries with no previous history-like Ethiopia. However, little is known about the epidemiology and impact of the disease in different countries. This is especially true in countries, where cases have recently begun to be reported. This review aims to summarize epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of dengue virus infection and its trend in Ethiopia. It may help countries, where dengue fever is not yet on the public health list-like Ethiopia to alert healthcare workers to consider the disease for diagnosis and treatment. The review retrieved and incorporated 139 published and organizational reports showing approximately 390 million new infections. About 100 million of these infections develop the clinical features of dengue, and thousands of people die annually from severe dengue fever in 129 countries. It is caused by being bitten by a dengue virus-infected female mosquito, primarily Aedes aegypti and, lesser, Ae. albopictus. Dengue virus is a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family and has four independent but antigen-related single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus serotypes. The infection is usually asymptomatic but causes illnesses ranging from mild febrile illness to fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome. Diagnosis can be by detecting the virus genome using nucleic acids amplification tests or testing NS1 antigen and/or anti-dengue antibodies from serum, plasma, circulating blood cells, or other tissues. Dengue cases and outbreaks have increased in recent decades, with a significant public health impact. Ethiopia has had nearly annual outbreaks since 2013, devastating an already fragmented health system and economy. Standardization of medication, population-level screening for early diagnosis and prompt treatment, and minimization of mosquito bites reduce overall infection and mortality rates.

Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) among People Living With HIV (PLHIV): a cross-sectional survey to measure in selected Public Hospital of Addis Ababa.

“…In this study, we examined factors associated with ART adherence in Selected Public Hospital of Addis Ababa. According to Ethiopian Demographic Heath Survey(EDHS) the overall education status in Addis Ababa where only36% of adults have received secondary education ( 20).Many researches indicated that there's an association between education and adherence level ( 21--22 ).In contrast , some studies reported that there's no association between adherence and educational status (23)(24).Our findings are consistent with the report of EDHS 2016.…”

Assessment of the importance of platelet transfusion in patients with severe dengue: a systematic review

“…The decision to transfuse platelets in dengue cases follows clinical criteria according to the treating physician but does not follow an evidence-based guideline [27,28]. Although there is still no protocol for managing and transfusion platelet agents, vaccination has been recognized as an essential pillar, in addition to vector control (repellents, mosquito nets, wastewater treatment), in the global approach to reducing the burden of dengue.…”

A dengue virus infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The four different dengue virus serotypes (DENV 1–4) are all spread by Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus [ 1 , 2 ]. All serotypes are known to produce the whole spectrum of dengue fever (DF) illnesses and share similar geographic patterns and host/vector interactions [ 3 , 4 ].…”

“…Dengue fever is endemic in many countries across the World Health Organization (WHO) regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Asia, Australia, and the Western Pacific [ 4 , 5 ]. While the Americas, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific are the most severely affected, Asia accounts for 70% of the global DF disease burden (10).…”