1998
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.62.4.1301-1314.1998
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Epidemiology, Genetics, and Ecology of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae

Abstract: SUMMARY Cholera caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is a major public health problem confronting developing countries, where outbreaks occur in a regular seasonal pattern and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation. The disease is characterized by a devastating watery diarrhea which leads to rapid dehydration, and death occurs in 50 to 70% of untreated patients. Cholera is a waterborne disease, and the importance of water ecology is suggested by the close association of V… Show more

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Cited by 829 publications
(261 citation statements)
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References 128 publications
(213 reference statements)
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“…Recent comparative genomics studies revealed that prokaryotic genomes are dynamic entities capable of acquiring and discarding large amounts of genetic material via lateral gene transfer (LGT) and recombination [1]. The role of LGT in the evolution of Vibrio cholerae, an autochthonous inhabitant of riverine and marine environments, as well as a human pathogen, is extensively documented [1][2][3][4]. In this species, major virulence genes and several important adaptive functions are known to be clustered in regions of the chromosome, laterally acquired from conspecific or distantly related organisms [5,6].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent comparative genomics studies revealed that prokaryotic genomes are dynamic entities capable of acquiring and discarding large amounts of genetic material via lateral gene transfer (LGT) and recombination [1]. The role of LGT in the evolution of Vibrio cholerae, an autochthonous inhabitant of riverine and marine environments, as well as a human pathogen, is extensively documented [1][2][3][4]. In this species, major virulence genes and several important adaptive functions are known to be clustered in regions of the chromosome, laterally acquired from conspecific or distantly related organisms [5,6].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This led to the hypothesis that environmental strains that acquire the respective virulence genes, which are harbored on genetic mobile elements (see below), may then be enriched by intestinal conditions [22,23]. Recent evidence [6] demonstrates that non-toxigenic environmental strains can be converted by phage transduction with cholera toxin (CT)-encoding phage CTXP, and this event could conceivably also take place in the gastrointestinal environment, yielding new detectable toxigenic strains.…”
Section: Cholerae and Its Environmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such a dormant state could serve as a survival strategy, which can be resuscitated upon receiving the appropriate signals, e.g. extreme change of environmental conditions such as the transition from the aquatic system upon ingestion into the human intestinal environment [6,39]. During interepidemic periods, epidemic V. cholerae strains have been postulated to exist in the VNC form, with unknown environmental conditions serving to resuscitate these cells back to free-living, virulent organisms [18,41].…”
Section: Mechanisms Involved In Environmental Survivalmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…LPS consists of three main regions: lipid A, core oligosaccharide (OS), and the O-antigen. Vibrio cholerae strains, mainly classi¢ed by biochemical tests and DNA homology studies, are subdivided into more than 193 serogroups on the basis of the antigenicity of surface polysaccharides (mainly O-antigen) [1]. The contribution to pathogenesis of the O-antigen in V. cholarae serogroups O1 and O139 strains by facilitating colonization is well established [2,3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%