Epidemiology of Alzheimer's presenile dementia in Scotland, 1974-88.

McGonigal, Gerard; Thomas, Brenda; McQuade, C; Starr, John M.; MacLennan, W. J.; Whalley, Lawrence J.

doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6879.680

Cited by 106 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The Morris water maze is well-established paradigm for evaluating deficits in hippocampal-dependent memory, and the MWM spatial learning task has been used in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders and for the evaluation of possible neurocognitive treatments (Mcgonigal et al, 1974(Mcgonigal et al, −1988Matsunaga and Mukasa, 1986;Hooge and De deyn, 2001;Luine et al, 2003;Sato et al, 2003). In this study, spatial memory tended to be improved in OSF group during the training days, but not in the OS group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

The Effects of Puerariae Flos on Stress-induced Deficits of Learning and Memory in Ovariectomized Female Rats

Park

Han

Yoon³

et al. 2009

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

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Puerariae flos (PF) is a traditional oriental medicinal plant and has clinically been prescribed for a long time. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of PF on repeated stress-induced alterations of learning and memory on a Morris water maze (MW M) test in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. The changes in the reactivity of the cholinergic system were assessed by measuring the immunoreactive neurons of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the hippocampus after behavioral testing. The female rats were randomly divided into four groups: the nonoperated and nonstressed group (normal), the sham-operated and stressed group (control), the ovariectomized and stressed group (OS), and the ovariectomized, stressed and PF treated group (OSF). Rats were exposed to immobilization stress (IMO) for 14 d (2 h/d), and PF (400 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 30 min before IMO stress. Results showed that treatments with PF caused significant reversals of the stress-induced deficits in learning and memory on a spatial memory task, and also increased the ChAT immunoreactivities. In conclusion, administration of PF improved spatial learning and memory in OVX rats, and PF may be useful for the treatment of postmenopausal-related dementia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

The Effects of Puerariae Flos on Stress-induced Deficits of Learning and Memory in Ovariectomized Female Rats

Park

Han

Yoon³

et al. 2009

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

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“…LH increases may be responsible for cognitive decline and vulnerability to AD in women previously attributed to loss of E. Post-menopause E loss has been associated with cognitive decline (Birge et al, 2001;Genazzani et al, 1992) and the susceptibility of women to AD, as women have AD 2:1 compared to men (Breitner et al, 1988;Brookmeyer et al, 1998;Jorm et al, 1987;McGonigal et al, 1993;Rocca et al, 1991). However, increases in LH following menopause may be influential as women experience a 3-to 4-fold increase in the concentration of serum LH following menopause (Chakravarti et al, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human chorionic gonadotropin (a luteinizing hormone homologue) decreases spatial memory and increases brain amyloid-β levels in female rats

Berry

Tomidokoro

Ghiso

et al. 2008

Hormones and Behavior

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Numerous studies have suggested that estradiol (E) improves spatial memory as female rats with E perform better than those without E. However there is an inverse relationship between E and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and LH could play a role. We examined whether treatment with the LH homologue human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), would impair spatial memory of adult Etreated female rats. In the Object Location Memory Task, ovariectomized (ovxed) rats treated with E and either a single high dose (400IU/kg) or a lower repeated dose of hCG (75 IU/kg hourly for 8 hours) showed spatial memory disruption compared to ovxed rats treated with estradiol alone. Impairment was attributed to memory disruption as performance improved with shortened delay between task exposure and testing. Tests on another spatial memory task, the Barnes maze, confirmed that hCG (400IU/kg) can impair memory: although E + veh treated animals made significantly fewer hole errors across time, E + hCG treated did not. In humans, high LH levels have been correlated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Because brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) species have been implicated as a toxic factor thought to cause memory loss in AD, we analyzed whether hCG-treated animals had increased Aβ levels. Levels of Aβ from whole brains or hippocampi were assessed by Western Blot. hCG treatment to E-implanted females significantly increased soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels. These results indicate that high levels of LH/hCG can impair spatial memory, and an increase in brain Aβ species may account for the memory impairment in hCG-treated rats.

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“…The abrupt loss of serum sex steroids with reproductive senescence not surprisingly correlates with an increased prevalence of cognitive disease in women (Brookmeyer et al, 1998;Jorm et al, 1987;McGonigal et al, 1993), while sex steroid replacement therapy decreases the incidence (Henderson et al, 1994) and delays the onset of cognitive decline in women and men (reviewed in Gleason et al, 2005). Interestingly, ALS is associated with the loss of cognitive-behavioral competency with progressive involvement of the prefrontal cortex and, in a few instances, profound dementia (Montgomery and Erickson, 1987), supportive of a hormonal component to the disease process.…”

Section: Genetic and Age-linked Alterations In Lactate Homeostasis Unmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactate dyscrasia: a novel explanation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Meethal

Atwood

2012

Neurobiology of Aging

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease) is a progressive debilitating neurodegenerative disease with no cure. We propose a novel molecular model for the pathogenesis of ALS that involves an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent muscle neuronal lactate shuttle (MNLS) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to regulate the flow of lactate from muscle to neurons and vice versa. Failure of the MNLS due to respiratory chain dysfunction is proposed to result in lactate toxicity and degeneration of nerve endings at the NMJ leading to nerve terminus dysjunction from the muscle cell. At a critical threshold where denervation outpaces reinnervation, a vicious cycle is established where the remaining innervated muscle fibers are required to work harder to compensate for normal function, and in so doing produce toxic lactate concentrations which induces further denervation and neuronal death. This mechanism explains the exponential progression of ALS leading to paralysis. The molecular events leading to the dysregulation of the MNLS and the dismantling of NMJ are explained in the context of known ALS familial mutations and age-related endocrine dyscrasia. Combination drug therapies that inhibit lactate accumulation at the NMJ, enhance respiratory chain function, and/or promote reinnervation are predicted to be effective therapeutic strategies for ALS. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Epidemiology of Alzheimer's presenile dementia in Scotland, 1974-88.

Cited by 106 publications

References 15 publications

The Effects of Puerariae Flos on Stress-induced Deficits of Learning and Memory in Ovariectomized Female Rats

The Effects of Puerariae Flos on Stress-induced Deficits of Learning and Memory in Ovariectomized Female Rats

Human chorionic gonadotropin (a luteinizing hormone homologue) decreases spatial memory and increases brain amyloid-β levels in female rats

Lactate dyscrasia: a novel explanation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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