Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Contemporary Update of Risk Factors in 2018

Abstract

Context: Bladder cancer (BC) is a significant health problem, and understanding the risk factors for this disease could improve prevention and early detection. Objective:To provide a systematic review and summary of novel developments in epidemiology and risk factors for BC. Evidence acquisition:A systematic review of original articles was performed by two pairs of reviewers (M.G.C., I.J., F.E., and K.P.) using PubMed/Medline in December 2017, updated in April 2018. To address our primary objective of reporting contemporary studies, we restricted our search to include studies from the last 5 yr. We subdivided our review according to specific risk factors (PICO [Population Intervention Comparator Outcome]). Evidence synthesis:Our search found 2191 articles, of which 279 full-text manuscripts were included. We separated our manuscripts by the specific risk factor they addressed (PICO). According to GLOBOCAN estimates, there were 430 000 new BC cases and 165 000 deaths worldwide in 2012. Tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens remain the factors with the highest attributable risk. The literature was limited by heterogeneity of data. Conclusions:Evidence is emerging regarding gene-environment interactions, particularly for tobacco and occupational exposures. In some populations, incidence rates are declining, which may reflect a decrease in smoking.Standardisation of reporting may help improve epidemiologic evaluation of risk. Patient summary:Bladder cancer is common worldwide, and the main risk factors are tobacco smoking and exposure to certain chemicals in the working and general environments. There is ongoing research to identify and reduce risk factors, as well as to understand the impact of genetics on bladder cancer risk.

A longitudinal examination of the interrelationships between multiple health behaviors in cancer patients

“…More specifically, previous studies found a higher risk of recurrence of prostate, bladder, and breast cancer in daily smokers (Cumberbatch et al, 2018;Foerster et al, 2018). A longitudinal association between a greater alcohol daily consumption and an increased risk of recurrence of breast and bladder cancer has also been shown (Cumberbatch et al, 2018;Simapivapan, Boltong, & Hodge, 2016;Weigl, Hauner, & Hauner, 2018). Moreover, being physically active is associated with a lower recurrence of colon cancer (Brenner & Chen, 2018;Van Blarigan et al, 2018).…”

“…Health behaviors (HBs), such as alcohol intake, cigarette consumption, and physical activity, play a major role in disease-free survival among adults with cancer (Carmack, Basen-Engquist, & Gritz, 2011;Chen, Vazquez, Courquin, Donald, & Farwell, 2014;Twiss, Gross, Waltman, Ott, & Lindsey, 2006). More specifically, previous studies found a higher risk of recurrence of prostate, bladder, and breast cancer in daily smokers (Cumberbatch et al, 2018;Foerster et al, 2018). A longitudinal association between a greater alcohol daily consumption and an increased risk of recurrence of breast and bladder cancer has also been shown (Cumberbatch et al, 2018;Simapivapan, Boltong, & Hodge, 2016;Weigl, Hauner, & Hauner, 2018).…”

Light to moderate amount of lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of cancer in Japan

“…The Japanese have a higher prevalence of polymorphisms in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) enzyme, which makes them slower at metabolizing acetaldehyde . Previous studies have indeed suggested an elevated cancer risk from alcohol consumption in the urinary tract and prostate in Japan, which has not been found in Western countries . We have hypothesized that there may be an elevated cancer risk at even light to moderate levels of alcohol consumption in Japan due to a higher prevalence of ALDH2 polymorphisms in the Japanese.…”

“…9,14 Previous studies have indeed suggested an elevated cancer risk from alcohol consumption in the urinary tract and prostate in Japan, which has not been found in Western countries. 9,10,[15][16][17][18][19] We have hypothesized that there may be an elevated cancer risk at even light to moderate levels of alcohol consumption in Japan due to a higher prevalence of ALDH2 polymorphisms in the Japanese.…”

Air pollution and incident bladder cancer: A risk assessment

“…The air pollution data were gathered by the same method, and I speculate that personal lifestyle factors would greatly contribute to the risk of bladder cancer. 3,4 Yours sincerely Tomoyuki Kawada References 1. Turner MC, Gracia-Lavedan E, Cirac M, et al Ambient air pollution and incident bladder cancer risk: updated analysis of the Spanish bladder cancer study.…”