Epidemiology of childhood type 2 diabetes in the developing world

Singh, Ravinder; Shaw, Jonathan E.; Zimmet, Paul

doi:10.1111/j.1399-543x.2004.00060.x

Cited by 65 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(177 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Some studies showed that urbanization, unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are major contributors to health disorders (6,7) . Furthermore, certain circumstances in utero and early childhood predispose a child to disorders such as obesity, dysglycaemia and MetS (8)(9)(10) . …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

Wang

Zhu

Cai

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 7-to 17-year-old children and adolescents in China and to examine the relationship between MetS and its associated early-life factors. Design: Data were collected using a standard parent/guardian questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. Each participant underwent a complete anthropometric evaluation. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF; 2007) for children and adolescents. Setting: Guangzhou, a large city in South China, September 2013. Subjects: A total of 1770 children and adolescents were enrolled in the study, including 913 girls (51·6 %) and 857 boys (48·4 %). Results: The overall prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents was 1·1 % (n 19), which was higher in boys (1·4 %) than in girls (0·8 %). Multivariate analysis indicated that high birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity (OR = 2·86; 95 % CI 1·62, 5·06) and MetS (OR = 3·61; 95 % CI 1·33, 9·82). Furthermore, >6 months of maternal breast-feeding was inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·98). Conclusion: Based on IDF criteria, the prevalence of MetS among southern Chinese children was significantly lower than that in other populations. High birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity and MetS, and breast-feeding for longer than 6 months was inversely associated with MetS in South China. Keywords Paediatric Metabolic syndrome Obesity NutritionMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors defined by the co-occurrence of at least three of the following features: obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypertriacylglycerolaemia and low level of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (1) . The prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide. In 2014, Miller et al. reported that approximately 73·2 % of the participants in their study presented at least one feature, with an estimated MetS prevalence of 10·1 % among adolescents in the USA (2) . A study in 2012 showed that the prevalence of MetS in six cities in China was 27·6 % in obese participants and 0·2 % in normal-weight children (3) .Morrison et al. showed that MetS during childhood predicts adult MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25-30 years later (4) . This finding emphasizes the importance of early control of MetS during childhood as a strategy for primary prevention of CVD later in life. Identification of risk factors in youngsters is crucial for the prevention and rapid detection of MetS (5) ; however, the associated early-life factors of MetS in children remain unclear and previous results are inconsistent. Some studies showed that urbanization, unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are major contributors to health disorders (6,7) . Furthermore, certain circumstances in utero and early childhood predispose a child to disorders such as obesity, dysglycaemia and MetS (8)(9)(10) .

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

Wang

Zhu

Cai

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents was diagnosed much more frequently using the specific criteria in comparison to the International Diabetes Federation criteria, which is why the former are much more efficient for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Other researchers used the criteria for adults recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the criteria suggested by the experts from the National Cholesterol Education Program -Adult Treatment Panel (NECP-ATP) and confirmed the metabolic syndrome in 12.2 and 13.7% of obese children, whereas in the same group of children the application of the specific criteria for children diagnosed the metabolic syndrome in 31% of obese children [20]. The International Diabetes Federation criteria and definitions for diagnosing metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents were inspired by the definition of criteria for adults, simplified and made insufficiently specific for the age in question.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The research included the analysis of the following criteria: BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glycemia and insulinemia during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Two sets of criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome were applied: the criteria for adults, specifically adapted for children [19,20], and the criteria defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) for children and adolescents [3].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The criteria for diagnosing the metabolic syndrome in adults, specifically adapted for children, were applied [19,20]: the metabolic syndrome is diagnosed if three or more of the following are present: body mass index (BMI) > 97 percentiles for sex/age, arterial pressure > 95 percentiles for sex/age, serum triglycerides > 95 percentiles for sex/age, HDL cholesterol < 5 percentiles for sex/age, pathological result of the OGTT -carbohydrate metabolism disorder (hyperglycaemia, glucose tolerance disorder, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance or diabetes).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Predictive values of metabolic syndrome in children

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AbstractMetabolic syndrome is a clinical term encompassing risk factors (obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension), which yield an increased risk for the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular disorders in adolescence. Two sets of criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome were applied, the criteria for adults, specifically adapted for children, and the criteria defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). A reliability analysis was conducted; sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of applying certain criteria of both definitions of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome in adolescents was diagnosed much more frequently using the specific criteria (41%) in comparison to the IDF criteria (22%). Using the specific criteria for children and adolescents, it was established that the HDL cholesterol was the most specific and had the largest PPV. Using the IDF criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome, the reliability analysis established that the highest PPV was recorded with the elevated level of triglycerides. The specific criteria have been found to be more efficient in diagnosing metabolic syndrome in adolescents. The highest predictive value was displayed by dyslipidemic disorders, hypertriglyceridemia and hypo HDL cholesterolemia.

show abstract

“…Around the globe, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is expected to increase exponentially, especially among the young. 1 Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and progressive loss of ␤-cell function throughout the course of the disease and is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity (components of the metabolic syndrome). 2 Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are considered a coronary artery disease (CAD) risk equivalent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor, and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes

Blaschke

Takata²,

Caglayan³

et al. 2006

ATVB

141

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The 3 PPAR isotypes, PPAR-␣, PPAR-␥, and PPAR-␦, play a key role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Obesity and the interrelated disorders of the metabolic syndrome have become a major worldwide health problem. In this review, we summarize the critical role of PPARs in regulating inflammation, lipoprotein metabolism, and glucose homeostasis and their potential implications for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Key Words: PPARs Ⅲ atherosclerosis Ⅲ obesity Ⅲ diabetes T ype 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder that affects between 6% and 20% of the population in Western industrialized societies. Around the globe, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is expected to increase exponentially, especially among the young. 1 Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and progressive loss of ␤-cell function throughout the course of the disease and is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity (components of the metabolic syndrome). 2 Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are considered a coronary artery disease (CAD) risk equivalent. 3 However, CAD often precedes the onset of diabetes, because 50% of patients with new onset type 2 diabetes already have a CAD diagnosis.Components of the metabolic syndrome-insulin resistance, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and hypertriglyceridemia-are themselves CAD risk factors, whereas hyperglycemia additionally contributes to vascular damage. Whether hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance directly contribute to vascular damage is controversial and under active investigation. 4 Although type 1 and 2 diabetes are associated with increased atherosclerosis, the pathogenesis of CAD in diabetes is multifactorial. Changes in metabolic factors, increased oxidative stress and glycoxidation, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and the prothrombotic state, observed in diabetics play a role in cardiovascular complications of diabetes. 5 Initially, type 2 diabetes was referred to as disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. For the past decade, it was considered a disorder of fatty acid metabolism, because free fatty acids (FFAs) circulate in high levels in obesity and promote insulin resistance and hepatic glucose production. 6 Recently, increasing evidence indicates that abnormalities in adipokine secretion from fat and in mitochondrial metabolism play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disease. 7,8 Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in the ability of insulin to drive glucose into its major target tissue, skeletal muscle, 9 is a key factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and a cofactor in the development of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. 10 Insulin resistance is present in Ͼ90% of people with type 2 diabetes and predates the development of hyperglycemia by many years. 11 In the early states, insulin resistance is ...

show abstract

Epidemiology of childhood type 2 diabetes in the developing world

Cited by 65 publications

References 160 publications

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China

Predictive values of metabolic syndrome in children

Obesity, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor, and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About