Epidemiology of foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreaks in Thailand from 2011 to 2018

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important animal diseases hindering livestock production in Thailand. In this study, a temporal and spatial analysis at the subdistrict level was performed on FMD outbreak reports in Thailand from 2011 to 2018. Risk factors associated with FMD outbreaks were furthermore investigated using generalized estimating equations. The results showed that the incidence of FMD outbreaks was the highest in 2016 and was affected by season, with a peak in FMD outbreaks occurring in the rainy-winter season, during October to December. FMD outbreaks were mostly distributed in small clusters within a few subdistricts. Some high-risk areas with repeated outbreaks were detected in the central regions.Risk factors, including the increase of subdistrict's size of the dairy population, beef population or pig population, the low percentage of forest area, subdistricts in the provinces adjacent to Malaysia, the presence of a livestock market and the occurrence of an FMD outbreak in a neighbouring subdistrict in the previous month significantly increased the odds of having an FMD outbreak. The increase in proximity to the nearest subdistrict with an FMD outbreak in the previous month decreased the odds of having FMD outbreaks. This study helped to identify high-risk areas and periods of FMD outbreaks in Thailand. Together with the identified risk factors, its results can be used to optimize the FMD control programme in Thailand and in other countries having a similar livestock industry and FMD situation. K E Y W O R D Sfoot-and-mouth disease, risk factors, spatial analysis, temporal analysis, Thailand INTRODUCTIONDriven by domestic consumption and exports of animal products, livestock production in Thailand has been gradually growing since the late 1970s when farming systems in Thailand started to shift from exten-This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Impact of infectious diseases on wild bovidae populations in Thailand: insights from population modelling and disease dynamics

“…Note that with reported wild bovid herd sizes, acute transmission is unlikely to allow FMD to persist, but reintroductions from cattle reservoirs (modelled through ϵ ) are likely [ 53 ]. Our result for FMD DD transmission also showed cyclic patterns in outbreaks consistent with seasonal patterns of outbreaks observed in Thailand [ 80 ].…”

Designing one-step reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus detection during the 2022 outbreak in East Java, Indonesia

“…The findings from this investigation suggest that despite having been recognized as FMD-free and acknowledged by the World Animal Health Organization since 1990 [ 1 ], Indonesia is no longer free from FMD. Analogous to the Malaysian scenario, occurrences of FMD cases in Peninsular Malaysia were linked to the FMD outbreak in Thailand due to their border proximity [ 31 – 33 ]. Hence, it is plausible that the East Java outbreak may have arisen from illicit animal distribution and direct contact with infected cattle in communal grazing areas situated near the Malaysian border.…”

Impact of Infectious Diseases on Wild Bovidae Populations in Thailand: Insights from Population Modelling and Disease Dynamics

“…Note that with reported wild bovid herd sizes, acute transmission is unlikely to allow FMDV to persist, but reintroductions from cattle reservoirs (modelled through ɛ ) are likely (73). Our result for FMD DD transmission also showed cyclic patterns in outbreaks consistent with seasonal patterns of outbreaks observed in Thailand (81).…”