Epidemiology of HIV in the USA: epidemic burden, inequities, contexts, and responses

Sullivan, Patrick S.; Johnson, Anna Satcher; Pembleton, Elizabeth; Stephenson, Rob; Justice, Amy C.; Althoff, Keri N.; Bradley, Heather; Castel, Amanda D.; Oster, Alexandra M.; Rosenberg, Eli S.; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Beyrer, Chris

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00395-0

Cited by 207 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The results must be interpreted and communicated with caution to avoid stigmatization of vulnerable groups. Still, experiences from HIV and tuberculosis research have shown that acknowledging risks specific to certain vulnerable groups can help in tailoring public health policies and programmes to reduce the disease burden in these populations [ 16 , 17 ]. In addition, using a person's first language as a risk factor may be less stigmatizing than relying on other markers of ethnicity, as language involves a practical aspect which can be addressed within the healthcare system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between first language and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, hospitalization, intensive care admissions and death in Finland: a population-based observational cohort study

Holmberg

Salmi

Kattainen

et al. 2022

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Objectives Motivated by reports of increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in ethnic minorities of high-income countries, we explored whether patients with a foreign first language are at an increased risk of COVID-19 infections, more serious presentations, or worse outcomes. Methods In a retrospective observational population-based quality registry study covering a population of 1.7 million, we studied the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), admissions to specialist healthcare and the intensive care unit (ICU), and all-cause case fatality in different language groups between 27th February and 3rd August 2020 in Southern Finland. A first language other than Finnish, Swedish or Sámi served as a surrogate marker for a foreign ethnic background. Results In total, 124 240 individuals were tested, and among the 118 300 (95%) whose first language could be determined, 4005 (3.4%) were COVID-19-positive, 623 (0.5%) were admitted to specialized hospitals, and 147 (0.1%) were admitted to the ICU; 254 (0.2%) died. Those with a foreign first language had lower testing rates (348, 95%CI 340–355 versus 758, 95%CI 753–762 per 10 000, p < 0.0001), higher incidence (36, 95%CI 33–38 versus 22, 95%CI 21–23 per 10 000, p < 0.0001), and higher positivity rates (103, 95%CI 96–109 versus 29, 95%CI 28–30 per 1000, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in ICU admissions, disease severity at ICU admission, or ICU outcomes. Case fatality by 90 days was 7.7% in domestic cases and 1.2% in those with a foreign first language, explained by demographics (age- and sex-adjusted HR 0.49, 95%CI 0.21–1.15). Conclusions The population with a foreign first language was at an increased risk for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, but when hospitalized they had outcomes similar to those in the native, domestic language population. This suggests that special attention should be paid to the prevention and control of infectious diseases among language minorities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between first language and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, hospitalization, intensive care admissions and death in Finland: a population-based observational cohort study

Holmberg

Salmi

Kattainen

et al. 2022

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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“…As geographic patterns of new HIV infections have been relatively constant between 2014 and 2018, we assumed that new infections would follow similar distributions in 2020. 24 In the case when the numerator count is between 2 and 4 or when the total population of a county is less than 100, the value was suppressed to protect personal privacy. The corresponding total population for each county was also collected in the data sets.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Infection Prevalence Significantly Intersects With COVID-19 Infection At the Area Level: A US County-Level Analysis

Luan

Song

Fiellin

et al. 2021

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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confidence: 97%

Same script, different viruses: HIV and COVID-19 in US Black communities

2021

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The Lancet Series on HIV in the USA describes the current state of the nation's HIV epidemic, including ongoing inequities and challenges for key populations and comorbidities. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Black Americans have consistently shouldered many of these HIV inequities, a pattern also seen in the COVID-19 pandemic. The overlapping racial disparities related to COVID-19 and HIV 7,8 highlight lessons that policy makers, public health practitioners, providers, and communities can leverage in their strategies to eliminate the Same script, different viruses: HIV and COVID-19 in US Black communities in subgroups of patients including SMuRF-less patients and women is mandatory.However, the success of risk stratification and treatment depends on accurate diagnosis and identification of the underlying disease mechanisms. Several different disease mechanisms have been identified in STEMI. Atherosclerotic coronary artery occlusion is the most common finding in patients with STEMI. 1 However, in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries, which is particularly common in women, several other disease mechanisms have been identified. These include non-obstructive coronary artery atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, coronary artery embo lism, vasospasm, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). 11,12 In female patients with SCAD, Figtree and colleagues observed a lower 30-day mortality rate than for female patients without SCAD; however, SCAD is particularly common among young and middle-aged women (≤50 years) and associated with underlying systemic arteriopathy with a recurrence rate of 10-30% and a reduction in quality of life. 12 A further consideration is that Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or stress cardiomyopathy might mimic STEMI. 13 Therefore, a detailed assessment is indicated in select patients with STEMI, supplementing invasive coronary angiography with cardiac MRI, to exclude myocarditis and detect myocardial necrosis, and an intravascular assessment of coronary flow and structure, possibly also including functional testing. Such a comprehensive assessment would secure correct diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment, particularly in women with STEMI and nonobstructive coronary arteries.Without consideration of risk, there cannot be gain, and thus new sex-specific risk factors and risk markers should be implemented in clinical risk models that can identify high-risk individuals among SMuRF-less patients with STEMI. Improvement in risk stratification and accurate diagnosis would help to tailor treatment in SMuRF-less patients, reducing the excess mortality and avoiding undertreatment in this subgroup.I declare no competing interests.

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Epidemiology of HIV in the USA: epidemic burden, inequities, contexts, and responses

Cited by 207 publications

References 55 publications

Association between first language and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, hospitalization, intensive care admissions and death in Finland: a population-based observational cohort study

Association between first language and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, hospitalization, intensive care admissions and death in Finland: a population-based observational cohort study

HIV Infection Prevalence Significantly Intersects With COVID-19 Infection At the Area Level: A US County-Level Analysis

Same script, different viruses: HIV and COVID-19 in US Black communities

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