Epidemiology of Hospitalizations and Deaths from Heat Illness in Soldiers

Carter, Rob; Cheuvront, Samuel N.; Williams, Jeffrey O.; Kolka, Margaret A.; Stephenson, Lou A.; Sawka, Michael N.; Amoroso, Paul J.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000174895.19639.ed

Cited by 251 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It has been reported, however, that exertional heat stroke is the third leading cause of death in athletes (Howe and Boden, 2007 (Armstrong et al, 2007), the National Athletic Trainers Association (Binkley et al, 2002), and various occupational and industrial safety groups have published heat injury prevention and treatment guidelines. However, as large-scale retrospective data demonstrate, EHI continues to be a problem (Carter et al, 2005) and additional mitigation procedures, such as extremity cooling in a field environment, are needed (O'Hara et al, 2008). Because of the characteristics of the affected individuals, EHI are viewed as preventable injuries.…”

Section: Exertional Heat Injury Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous commercial and industrial occupational settings, as well as military operational and training exercises, expose individuals to considerable heat stress due to high environmental heat and/or a high rate of metabolic heat production (Carter et al, 2005; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). As a result body heat storage and associated cardiovascular strain limit exercise performance and increase the risk of exertional heat illness (EHI) (Carter et al, 2005;Sawka et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result body heat storage and associated cardiovascular strain limit exercise performance and increase the risk of exertional heat illness (EHI) (Carter et al, 2005;Sawka et al, 2012). In a number of occupational and military settings it may be biophysically difficult to dissipate body heat due to very hot ambient conditions and/or wearing needed protective clothing or equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extremity cooling for heat stress mitigation in military and occupational settings

DeGroot

Gallimore

Thompson

et al. 2013

Journal of Thermal Biology

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a b s t r a c tPhysical work, high ambient temperature and wearing protective clothing can elevate body temperature and cardiovascular strain sufficiently to degrade performance and induce heat-related illnesses. We have recently developed an Arm Immersion Cooling System (AICS) for use in military training environments and this paper will review literature supporting such an approach and provide details regarding its construction. Extremity cooling in cool or cold water can accelerate body (core temperature) cooling from 0.2 to 1.0 1C/10 min vs. control conditions, depending on the size/surface area of the extremity immersed. Arm immersion up to the elbow results in greater heat loss than hand-or foot-only immersion and may reduce cardiovascular strain by lowering heart rate by 10-25 beats/min and increase work tolerance time by up to 60%. The findings from studies in this paper support the use of AICS prototypes, which have been incorporated as part of the heat stress mitigation procedures employed in US Army Ranger Training and may have great application for sports and occupational use.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Section: Exertional Heat Injury Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extremity cooling for heat stress mitigation in military and occupational settings

DeGroot

Gallimore

Thompson

et al. 2013

Journal of Thermal Biology

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“…A number of deaths in athletes and military personnel each year are attributed to EHS (Carter, III et al 2005;Casa et al 2012;Rav-Acha et al 2004). These groups regularly perform multiple bouts of heavy exercise, often within a short time span and in hot environmental conditions, and potentially involving an eccentric component (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated muscle damage blunts the increase in heat strain during subsequent exercise heat stress

et al. 2015

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2 ABSTRACTPurpose: Exercise-induced muscle-damage (EIMD) has recently been shown to increase heat strain during exercise-heat-stress (HS), and represents a risk factor for exertional heat illness (EHI). We hypothesised that a repeated-bout of EIMD blunts the increase in rectal temperature (Tre) during subsequent endurance exercise in the heat. Methods: Sixteen non-heat-acclimated males were randomly allocated to EIMD (n=9) or control (CON, n=7). EIMD performed a downhill running treatment at -10% gradient for 60 min at 65% V .O2max in 20C, 40% RH. CON participants performed the same treatment but at +1% gradient.

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“…12 Exertional heat stroke, especially when combined with strenuous activity, can occur during exposure to hot or mild climates. Conversely, classic heat stroke occurs only in hot climates.…”

Section: Definition Of Heat Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Exertional Heat Stroke in Navy and Marine Personnel: A Hot Topic

Goforth

Kazman

2015

Critical Care Nurse

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Although exertional heat stroke is considered a preventable condition, this life-threatening emergency affects hundreds of military personnel annually. Because heat stroke is preventable, it is important that Navy critical care nurses rapidly recognize and treat heat stroke casualties. Combined intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors can quickly lead to heat stroke if not recognized by deployed critical care nurses and other first responders. In addition to initial critical care nursing interventions, such as establishing intravenous access, determining body core temperature, and assessing hemodynamic status, aggressive cooling measures should be initiated immediately. The most important determinant in heat stroke outcome is the amount of time that patients sustain hyperthermia. Heat stroke survival approaches 100% when evidence-based cooling guidelines are followed, but mortality from heat stroke is a significant risk when care is delayed. Navy critical care and other military nurses should be aware of targeted assessments and cooling interventions when heat stroke is suspected during military operations. (Critical Care Nurse. 2015;35[1]:52–59)

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Epidemiology of Hospitalizations and Deaths from Heat Illness in Soldiers

Abstract: Exertional heat illness continues to be a military problem during training and operations. Whereas the hospitalization rate of heat illness is declining, heat stroke has markedly increased.

Cited by 251 publications

References 15 publications

Extremity cooling for heat stress mitigation in military and occupational settings

Extremity cooling for heat stress mitigation in military and occupational settings

Repeated muscle damage blunts the increase in heat strain during subsequent exercise heat stress

Exertional Heat Stroke in Navy and Marine Personnel: A Hot Topic

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