Epidemiology of Hypertension

Syme, H M

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33020-0_3

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…We did identify a positive correlation between age and AoD in our sampled dogs. This could have been due to an increase in systemic arterial pressure that occurs with aging 16,17 . One study found that systemic arterial pressure is significantly greater in males and in sighthound dogs (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney‐to‐aorta parameters in Whippets

Costanza

Pasolini

Greco

et al. 2021

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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In a previous study, an ultrasonographic method to assess kidney size in dogs as a ratio of kidney length to aortic luminal diameter (KL/AoD ratio) was proposed. The main limitation of this method was the wide range of normal values (5.5‐9.1), which resulted in poor sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this prospective, observational, reference interval study was to determine whether the KL/AoD normal cut‐off values in a single breed (Whippets) would have a narrower range than the previously reported normal reference ranges. The influence of sex, age, weight, and side on kidney length (KL) and of sex, age, weight, and scanning plane (longitudinal vs transversal) on aortic luminal diameter (AoD) were also investigated. Thirty‐six clinically healthy Whippets (16 males, 20 females) without ultrasonographic renal lesions were included in this study. The 95% confidence interval of mean KL/AoD was found to be narrower than the previously reported range (ie, 6.3‐6.9 versus 5.5‐9.1). This was considered to be especially notable in that the KL in this breed exhibits marked sexual dimorphism. The KL/AoD ratio did not differ between right versus left sides or male versus female sexes in Whippets (P > .05). Findings from the current study provided KL/AoD ratio normal reference range cut‐off values for future use in Whippets and supported the use of breed‐specific KL/AoD ratio values for characterizing abnormal renal size in other canine breeds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney‐to‐aorta parameters in Whippets

Costanza

Pasolini

Greco

et al. 2021

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…Models employing renal wrapping exacerbate RAAS activation, resulting in more pronounced hypertension, proteinuria and histopathological changes (Buranakarl et al, 2004 ; Mathur et al, 2004 ). RAAS activation is further exacerbated by low sodium intake in this model (Buranakarl et al, 2004 ) and also occurs in cats with naturally occurring CKD which are transitioned onto (relatively sodium‐restricted) renal diets (Syme, 2003 ). Although experimental data support RAAS activation in feline CKD, it may not directly translate to naturally occurring disease, as plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations do not differ between normotensive azotaemic CKD cats and nonazotaemic age‐matched controls (Jepson et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Aldosterone\mr Activation In Feline Ckdmentioning

confidence: 92%

Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in renal injury: A potential therapeutic target in feline chronic kidney disease

Spencer

Wheeler‐Jones

Elliott

2020

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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There is a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence supporting mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation as a powerful mediator of renal damage in laboratory animals and humans. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are proposed, with the strongest evidence supporting aldosterone-induced vasculopathy, exacerbation of oxidative stress and inflammation, and increased growth factor signalling promoting fibroblast proliferation and deranged extracellular matrix homeostasis. Further involvement of the MR is supported by extensive animal model experiments where MR antagonists (such as spironolactone and eplerenone) abrogate renal injury, including ischaemia-induced damage. Additionally, clinical trials have shown MR antagonists to be beneficial in human chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of reducing proteinuria and cardiovascular events, though current studies have not evaluated primary end points which allow conclusions to made about whether MR antagonists reduce mortality or slow CKD progression. Although differences between human and feline CKD exist, feline CKD shares many characteristics with human disease including tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This review evaluates the evidence for the role of the MR in renal injury and summarizes the literature concerning aldosterone in feline CKD. MR antagonists may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in feline CKD.

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“…Plasma biochemistry was performed using dry‐slide technology (Vitros 250 Chemistry System, Ortho‐Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, New Jersey). The measurements included albumin, bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide, calcium, phosphate, total protein, urea and creatinine concentrations, and alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities 26‐28 . Serum total thyroxine concentration was measured using a validated chemiluminescent immunoassay (Chemiluminescent Immulite 2000, DPC, Los Angeles, California) 26‐28 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measurements included albumin, bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide, calcium, phosphate, total protein, urea and creatinine concentrations, and alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities. [26][27][28] Serum total thyroxine concentration was measured using a validated chemiluminescent immunoassay (Chemiluminescent Immulite 2000, DPC, Los Angeles, California). [26][27][28] F I G U R E 1 Flow chart of cats through the 60-month study period.…”

Section: Hematology Blood Biochemistry and Hormone Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[26][27][28] Serum total thyroxine concentration was measured using a validated chemiluminescent immunoassay (Chemiluminescent Immulite 2000, DPC, Los Angeles, California). [26][27][28] F I G U R E 1 Flow chart of cats through the 60-month study period. Euthanasia was not undertaken for the purposes of research; it was only permitted on compassionate grounds when medical treatment for a health condition was inappropriate or unsuccessful in maintaining the quality of life.…”

Section: Hematology Blood Biochemistry and Hormone Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long‐term safety of dietary salt: A 5‐year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study)

Reynolds,

Chetboul,

Elliott

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundHigh‐salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk.ObjectiveProspectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial).AnimalsTwenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0‐11.6], median [interquartile range]).MethodsHealthy cats were randomized to control or high‐salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2‐dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models.ResultsFollow‐up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6‐48.2]) and high‐salt group (51.4 months [45.7‐59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end‐diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high‐salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.

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Epidemiology of Hypertension

Cited by 4 publications

References 170 publications

Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney‐to‐aorta parameters in Whippets

Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney‐to‐aorta parameters in Whippets

Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in renal injury: A potential therapeutic target in feline chronic kidney disease

Long‐term safety of dietary salt: A 5‐year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study)

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