Epidemiology of<i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>Infection in Humans

Matos, Olga; Lobo, Maria; Xiao, Lihua

doi:10.1155/2012/981424

Cited by 209 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(284 reference statements)

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“…nterocytozoon bieneusi, a ubiquitous unicellular microsporidian fungal pathogen with a broad host range, infects many species of humans, livestock, wildlife, and birds and causes significant infectious diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, notably AIDS patients and children (1)(2)(3). Approximately 90% of reported cases of human microsporidiosis are caused by E. bieneusi; the risk factors for infections include an immunosuppressive condition (AIDS patients), young age (children), and contact with contaminated food and water and other infected humans and animals (1).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 90% of reported cases of human microsporidiosis are caused by E. bieneusi; the risk factors for infections include an immunosuppressive condition (AIDS patients), young age (children), and contact with contaminated food and water and other infected humans and animals (1).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Infections with E. bieneusi in humans have occurred worldwide, with infection rates ranging from 1.4% to 78% (1). The variances mainly resulted from the detection methods used, the types of clinical specimens analyzed, the geographic areas investigated, and the gender, age, socioeconomic, clinical, and immune features of the patients (1). Two recent studies in central China reported the occurrence of E. bieneusi in 5.7% (39/683) of adult AIDS patients, 4.2% (29/683) of HIV-negative adult participants, 10.8% (8/74) of hospitalized case children with an average age of 20.7 months, and 3.2% (16/499) of control children with an average age of 42.6 months (8, 9).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Despite repeated reports of E. bieneusi in humans and domestic and wild animals in China, the transmission routes of human microsporidiosis remain unclear (1,(8)(9)(10)(13)(14)(15). Contact with pigs was considered a risk factor for acquisition of E. bieneusi genotype EbpC in HIV ϩ farmers in Henan (8).…”

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Children in Northeast China and Assessment of Risk of Zoonotic Transmission

et al. 2014

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The prevalence (7.5%, 19/255) and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children of various age categories and clinical presentations were determined herein. The co-occurrence of the known genotypes (CS-4, EbpC, and Henan-IV) in children and pigs in the same study area, the phylogenetic characterization of novel genotypes (NEC1 to NEC5), and the assessment of potential risk factors associated with zoonotic transmission robustly suggested that pigs could be a significant source of human E. bieneusi infections in northeast China. Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a ubiquitous unicellular microsporidian fungal pathogen with a broad host range, infects many species of humans, livestock, wildlife, and birds and causes significant infectious diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts, notably AIDS patients and children (1-3). Approximately 90% of reported cases of human microsporidiosis are caused by E. bieneusi; the risk factors for infections include an immunosuppressive condition (AIDS patients), young age (children), and contact with contaminated food and water and other infected humans and animals (1).Investigations of both human and animal samples for E. bieneusi genotypes that rely on hypermutation of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) have been helpful in elucidating the transmission routes of microsporidiosis (3). Genotypic typing and phylogenetic analysis facilitated classification of the almost 200 genotypes identified thus far into genetic group 1 with zoonotic potential and several other host-adapted genetic clusters (4-7). Infections with E. bieneusi in humans have been repeatedly reported worldwide, although epidemiologic data to indicate the prevalence and risk of human microsporidiosis in China are limited (8-10). The frequent and close contact of humans with livestock in China is of potential zoonotic concern (6, 7). This study investigated 255 fecal specimens from children in the cities of Harbin and Daqing in northeast China for E. bieneusi genotypes and analyzed the risk for potentially zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis.Study population. Fecal specimens (n ϭ 255) from children (one specimen per child) were collected in a community hospital (IH) (n ϭ 40), two nursery schools (NS) (NS1, n ϭ 20; NS2, n ϭ 17), and a primary school (PS) (PS1, n ϭ 57) in suburban Harbin in June 2013 and in four primary schools (PS2, n ϭ 41; PS3, n ϭ 11; PS4, n ϭ 29; PS5, n ϭ 40) in suburban Daqing in July 2014 (Table 1). Only four children in the community hospital had diarrhea, while the others had nongastrointestinal illnesses. The nursery and primary school children were all healthy at the time of sampling. The specimens were divided into four age groups: group I included 31 preweaned in-hospital children Ͻ1 year of age; group II included nine weaned in-hospital children aged 1 to 3 years; group III included 37 nursery school children aged 3 to 6 years; and group IV included 178 primary school children aged 6 to 12 years (Table 1). Background information on age, gender, and clinical presentations (diarrhea or ...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Children in Northeast China and Assessment of Risk of Zoonotic Transmission

et al. 2014

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“…Based on the molecular tools, over 200 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes of E. bieneusi have been identified, and constitute at least ten distinct genogroups by phylogenetic analysis (group 1 to 9 and the so called outlier in dog) (Karim et al 2015). The group 1, also named as the zoonotic group, has been widely identified in humans and animals (Matos et al 2012). Group 1 could be clearly subdivided into 9 major clades named as subgroup 1a-1i.…”

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Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw wastewater in Zhengzhou, China

Xiao-ming

et al. 2017

FOLIA PARASIT

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Contamination of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Desportes, Charpentier, Galian, Bernard, Cochand-Priollet, Laverne, Ravisse, et Modigliani, 1985 in water sources may cause outbreaks of microsporidiosis. To examine the occurrence of E. bieneusi, 108 raw wastewater samples were collected from three wastewater treated plants in Zhengzhou, China. In total, 46 samples were PCR positive for E. bieneusi. A total of 15 ITS genotypes was identified, including ten known genotypes (D, BEB6, I, J, PigEbIX, PigEBITS5, EbpA, Peru6, Peru8, Type IV) and five novel genotypes (HNWW1, HNWW2, HNWW3, HNWW4, HNWW5). Nine genotypes belonged to a known zoonotic group (group 1) and the other genotypes belonged to potential zoonotic group (group 2). Most of the genotypes had been identified in wildlife or domestic animals in former reports in Zhengzhou. The occurrence of E. bieneusi in wastewater was probably related to the rainfall day before sampling. Of 36 sampling days, 20 days had rainfall on the previous day and 16 days had none. As many as 43 of 60 samples were found to be E. bieneusi-positive in the 20 days which had rainfall on the previous day. Only three of 48 samples were found to be E. bieneusi-positive in the 16 days without rainfall the day before. The significant difference of the occurrence of E. bieneusi was observed between wet days and dry days by t-test (43/60 vs 3/48, p < 0.01). This indicates that the occurrence of E. bieneusi in wastewater in Zhengzhou mainly originated from animals and was probably related to rainfall the day before sample collection. Given the zoonotic genotypes detected in wastewater, animal faeces should be treated appropriately before being drained into the water source.

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Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis

Weiss

2014

Microsporidia

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Epidemiology ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiInfection in Humans

Cited by 209 publications

References 120 publications

Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Children in Northeast China and Assessment of Risk of Zoonotic Transmission

Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in Children in Northeast China and Assessment of Risk of Zoonotic Transmission

Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw wastewater in Zhengzhou, China

Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis

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