Epidemiology of Leptospira infection in livestock species in Saint Kitts

Shiokawa, Kanae; Welcome, Shamara; Kenig, Michalina; Lim, Brenda; Rajeev, Sreekumari

doi:10.1007/s11250-019-01859-5

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The serovars belonging to the serogroup Ballum (Ballum, Arborea, and Castellonis) were also reported in various parts of the world. Leptospira exposure and infection is common among animals on the island [7][8][9][10][11]. The highest seroprevalence was reported in cattle (80%) followed by dogs (73%), pigs (69%), African green monkeys (49%), sheep (35%), goats (24%), mongoose (8%), and cats (4%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…miles, Caribbean island located in the Lesser Antilles region (longitude 17.3434 • N and latitude −62.7559 • W). Considering the animal Leptospira seroprevalence rates on the island, ranging from 4% in cats to 80% in cattle [8,9], we set a sample size of a minimum of 9 rats at a 99% confidence interval in an infinite population with an assumed prevalence rate of 40% [12]. Sherman and Tomahawk traps were set up overnight at randomly selected sites using monkey chow as bait.…”

Section: Study Location and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Saint Kitts, a small island located in the Caribbean region, human mortality (5.87) and morbidity (107.87) rates per 100,000 population due to Leptospira infections are estimated [1]. Recently, we reported infection and exposure to a diverse set of Leptospira serovars in multiple animal species on the island [7][8][9][10][11]. Yet, there is no data on Leptospira infection in one of the major global reservoir hosts, rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and Characterization of Leptospira Infection and Exposure in Rats on the Caribbean Island of Saint Kitts

Rajeev

Shiokawa

Llanes

et al. 2020

Animals

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In this study, we detected and characterized Leptospira infection and exposure in rats on the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts for the first time. We detected Leptospira infection in 17/29 (59%), 14/29 (48)%, and 11/29 (38)% of rats by RT-PCR, culture, and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and analysis and serogrouping of 17 Leptospira strains isolated from rats revealed their close relationship with L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 10) and L. borgpetersenii serogroup Ballum (n = 7). WGS, serogrouping, and additional PCR tests on rat kidneys confirmed mixed infections with L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii in the kidneys of three rats. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was positive for 25/29 (87%) of the rats tested, and the response was restricted to serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae {24/29(83%)}, Mankarso {4/29(14%)}, Copenhageni {4/29(14%)}, Grippotyphosa {2/29(7%)}, and Wolffi {1/29(3%)}. Interestingly, there was no agglutinating antibody response to serovar Ballum. We observed a similar pattern in the serologic response using Leptospira isolates obtained from this study with each of the rat sera, with strong response to L. interrogans isolates but minimal reactivity to L. borgpetersenii isolates. Our findings suggest the use of multiple complementary diagnostic tests for Leptospira surveillance and diagnosis to improve the accuracy of the data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Location and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and Characterization of Leptospira Infection and Exposure in Rats on the Caribbean Island of Saint Kitts

Rajeev

Shiokawa

Llanes

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Instead, the pomona serovar was detected in 7%, 5% and 0% respectively (Subharat et al, 2012). In the Caribbean region, the most numerous serovar found among cattle was mancarso, bratislava serovar among sheep, and hardjo among goats, 18%, 10.4%, 3.8% and 1.9% respectively (Shiokawa et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The disease manifests in many species of animals: in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, deer, dogs, rodents, horses, and swine (Shiokawa et al, 2019). Leptospirosis has long been associated with occupational proximity to animals (rats and cattle) ( Le Turnier & Epelboin, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical parameters of blood in cows in latent course of leptospirosis

Holovakha

Slyusarenko

Petrenko

et al. 2019

Regul. Mech. Biosyst.

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Changes in the biochemical parameters of blood in cows in the latent course of leptospirosis have been studied by the results of the reaction of microagglutination (RMA). The dynamics of biochemical blood parameters is manifested by hyperproteinemia, dysproteinemia, hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis, hyperfermentemia, mineral metabolism disorders, in particular hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, indicating the development of hepatopathy which should be classified as hepatocholangitis. It was determined that the pathological process is manifested in all animals for the titer of antibodies to one or another Leptospira serovar. Significant changes from the side of the hepatobiliary system in infested cows for the antibody titer kabura equaling 1:100, polonica 1:200, ballum 1:100, szvajzak 1:100–1:200, bratislava 1:800 and in animals for the titers kabura of 1:100–1:200; polonium 1:100; szvajzak 1:100–1:200; ballum 1:100; bratislava 1:100–1:200. At leptospirosis caused by bratislava and ballum serovars, a disorder of the functional state of the hepatobiliary system, characterized by an increase in the level of total protein, bilirubin, AST, GGTP and ALP activity was diagnosed as the urea, calcium and phosphorus levels in blood decreased. In the case of the latent course of the disease caused by kabura, polonica, szvajzak, ballumand bratislava serovars, a probably higher concentration of bilirubin, activity of aminotransferases (AST and ALAT), GGTP and ALP was determined in comparison to clinically healthy animals. In cows, in the presence of antibody titers kabura 1:100, polonica 1:200, ballum 1:100, szvajzak 1:100–1:200; bratislava 1:800, in 22.2% of cases, we recorded increase in the total protein against the background of dysproteinemia in 50.0–88.9% of animals, and increase in bilirubin in 78.6%, and increase in the activity of blood serum enzymes (AST, ALAT, GGTP, ALP), and also hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in 33.3–100.0%. The conducted studies indicate that in latent leptospirosis in cows, in addition to etiotropic therapy, one should include in the protocol the pharmacological correction preparations, which would contribute to the restoration of the functional state of the hepatobiliary system.

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