Epidemiology of <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Salmonellosis</i>

Abstract

The prevalence of enteritis and its accompanying diarrheal and other health challenges linked to infections with Salmonella has continuously plagued sub Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, typhoid fever is among the major widespread diseases affecting both young and old as a result of many interrelated factors such as inadequate sanitaion, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and fecal contamination of water sources. Morbidity associated with illness due to Salmonella continues to increase with untold fatal consequences, often resulting in death. An accurate figure of cases is difficult to arrive at because only large outbreaks are mostly investigated whereas sporadic cases are under-reported. A vast majority of rural dwellers in Africa often resort to self-medication or seek no treatment at all, hence serving as carries of this disease. Non typhoidal cases of salmonellosis account for about 1.3 billion cases with 3 million deaths annually. Given the magnitude of the economic losses incurred by African nations in the battle against salmonella and salmonellosis, this article takes a critical look at the genus Salmonella, its morphology, isolation, physiological and biochemical characteristics, typing methods, methods of detection, virulence factor, epidemiology and methods of spread within the environment.

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of invasive Salmonella enterica from children with bacteremia in north-central Nigeria

“…73,[81][82][83][84][85] Our finding regarding MDR in Salmonella isolates in Nigeria agreed with previous reports and the assertion that Nigeria is in the vicinity region referred to as a hotspot for antimicrobial overuse. 19,86 The MAR index, a cost-effective and valid method of bacteria origin tracking, was also calculated. It has become possible to tell bacteria apart by their resistance to the most popular antibiotics in human medicine by doing a MAR analysis.…”

“… 73 , 81 – 85 Our finding regarding MDR in Salmonella isolates in Nigeria agreed with previous reports and the assertion that Nigeria is in the vicinity region referred to as a hotspot for antimicrobial overuse. 19 , 86 …”

Assessment of environmental safety and protective efficacy of O-antigen deficient DIVA capable Salmonella Enteritidis against chicken salmonellosis

“…The most prevalent Salmonella serotypes behind human enteric infections are Salmonella Typhimurium ( ST ) and Salmonella Enteritidis ( SE ) ( Simpson et al, 2018 ). The disease is frequently transmitted to humans by consuming undercooked eggs and egg-related products ( Nwabor et al, 2015 ). Chicken usually tolerates ST and SE infections; thus, they act as a transmission mode for vertical and horizontal disease spread, increasing the vulnerability of human society ( Aviv et al, 2016 ).…”

>b<Caracterização do perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos de estirpes de >i<Salmonella entérica>/i< isoladas nas distintas fases de criação de um sistema de produção integrado de suínos>/b<

“…Quadro 1 -Características fenotípicas das espécies e subespécies de Salmonella spp. NWABOR et al, 2015). A Salmonella bongori tem apenas uma única subespécie denominada bongori (V) (Quadro 3).…”