Epidemiology of Murine Typhus

Azad, Abdu F.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.003005

Cited by 215 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The first one, the typhus group, comprises three species: R. prowazekii, the pathogen of epidemic exanthematous typhus; R. typhi, the pathogen of murine typhus; and R. canadensis, which has been isolated from ticks but not known to cause human infection. 5,6 The second one, the spotted fever group, currently comprises many serotypes. New rickettsiae have been isolated in arthropods worldwide as well as in humans (R. africae and R. japonica).…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In South America, it is associated with the existence of rats as reservoirs and humans are sporadically infected after being bitten by the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis. 5,6 Epidemic exanthematous typhus, one of the first rickettsial diseases described in humans, has never been reported in Brazil. Brill-Zinsser disease, a recurrent form of epidemic exanthematous typhus, was identified in Eastern European war refugees in the early 1950's.…”

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Rickettsial Diseases In Brazimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Murine typhus is endemic in the Madeira archipelago, island of Porto Santo, and is rarely diagnosed in the European continent. 1,3,5,[8][9][10]12,37 The only rickettsial disease of public health concern in Portugal, Mediterranean spotted fever reporting has been mandatory since 1950. It is known to be caused by R. conorii, which has been isolated, and the disease is borne by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus.…”

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Rickettsial Diseases In Brazimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known to be caused by R. conorii, which has been isolated, and the disease is borne by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. 1,3,5,[8][9][10]12,37 From 1989 to 2000, the incidence rate of the Mediterranean spotted fever in Portugal was 9.8 cases per 100,000 population, which is one of the highest rates in the Mediterranean basin. It has been evenly distributed among men and women and the highest rates have been reported among those aged one to four, i.e., 60 cases per 100,000 population.…”

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Rickettsial Diseases In Brazimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Riquetsioses no Brasil e Portugal: ocorrência, distribuição e diagnóstico

et al. 2005

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The present study is an update review on the occurrence and diagnosis of rickettsial diseases in Brazil and Portugal, aiming at promoting their epidemiological surveillance in both countries. A literature review was carried out and unpublished data of laboratories and surveillance systems were presented. The results described the occurrence of rickettsial diseases and infections in Brazil and Portugal, including other new and still poorly understood rickettsial infections. Current diagnostic methods were discussed. As in many other countries, rickettsial diseases and infections seem to be an emerging public health problem. Treated as a minor problem for many decades, the interest in these infections has increased in both countries but further studies are needed to establish their role as a public health problem.

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Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Rickettsial Diseases In Brazimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Rickettsial Diseases In Brazimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Rickettsial Diseases In Brazimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Riquetsioses no Brasil e Portugal: ocorrência, distribuição e diagnóstico

et al. 2005

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“…In addition, other arthropods (lice and mites) have been found to be infected with R. typhi (Azad 1990). Murine typhus is endemic to Kenya, but at a low level, especially in rural areas (Heisch andHarvey 1959, Maina et al 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection ofRickettsia felis and CandidatusRickettsia Asemboensis in Fleas from Human Habitats, Asembo, Kenya

Jiang

Maina

Knobel

et al. 2013

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

108

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The flea-borne rickettsioses murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) and flea-borne spotted fever (FBSF) (Rickettsia felis) are febrile diseases distributed among humans worldwide. Murine typhus has been known to be endemic to Kenya since the 1950s, but FBSF was only recently documented in northeastern (2010) and western (2012) Kenya. To characterize the potential exposure of humans in Kenya to flea-borne rickettsioses, a total of 330 fleas (134 pools) including 5 species (Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans, and Echidnophaga gallinacea) were collected from domestic and peridomestic animals and from human dwellings within Asembo, western Kenya. DNA was extracted from the 134 pooled flea samples and 89 (66.4%) pools tested positively for rickettsial DNA by 2 genus-specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays based upon the citrate synthase (gltA) and 17-kD antigen genes and the Rfelis qPCR assay. Sequences from the 17-kD antigen gene, the outer membrane protein (omp)B, and 2 R. felis plasmid genes (pRF and pRFd) of 12 selected rickettsiapositive samples revealed a unique Rickettsia sp. (n = 11) and R. felis (n = 1). Depiction of the new rickettsia by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) targeting the 16S rRNA (rrs), 17-kD antigen gene, gltA, ompA, ompB, and surface cell antigen 4 (sca4), shows that it is most closely related to R. felis but genetically dissimilar enough to be considered a separate species provisionally named Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis. Subsequently, 81 of the 134 (60.4%) flea pools tested positively for Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis by a newly developed agentspecific qPCR assay, Rasemb. R. felis was identified in 9 of the 134 (6.7%) flea pools, and R. typhi the causative agent of murine typhus was not detected in any of 78 rickettsia-positive pools assessed using a species-specific qPCR assay, Rtyph. Two pools were found to contain both R. felis and Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis DNA and 1 pool contained an agent, which is potentially new.

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Murine Typhus as a Common Cause of Fever of Intermediate Duration

Bernabéu-Wittel¹,

Pachón²,

Alarcón³

et al. 1999

Arch Intern Med

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Background: Fever of intermediate duration (FID), characterized by a febrile syndrome lasting from 7 to 28 days, is a frequent condition in clinical practice, but its epidemiological and etiologic features are not well described. Murine typhus (MT) is a worldwide illness; nevertheless, to our knowledge, no studies describing its epidemiological and clinical characteristics have been performed in the south of Spain. Also, its significance as a cause of FID is unknown.

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Epidemiology of Murine Typhus

Cited by 215 publications

References 33 publications

Riquetsioses no Brasil e Portugal: ocorrência, distribuição e diagnóstico

Riquetsioses no Brasil e Portugal: ocorrência, distribuição e diagnóstico

Molecular detection ofRickettsia felis and CandidatusRickettsia Asemboensis in Fleas from Human Habitats, Asembo, Kenya

Murine Typhus as a Common Cause of Fever of Intermediate Duration

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