Epidemiology of penile cancer

Christodoulidou, Michelle; Sahdev, Varun; Houssein, Selda; Muneer, Asıf

doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2015.03.010

Cited by 114 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…proper hygiene, phimosis, and uncircumcision. 1,2 Brazil still continues to present one of the highest rates of PeCa 3 and recently a high incidence of advanced tumors among young individuals was reported in Maranhão State, localized in the Northeast of the country. 4,5 Despite the recent increase of studies on PeCa, there are significant gaps in the knowledge of the molecular basis of penile tumorigenesis, mainly due to the low number of cases in developed countries, especially the ones associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genomic profiling reveals the pivotal role of hrHPV driving copy number and gene expression alterations, including mRNA downregulation of TP53 and RB1 in penile cancer

Macedo

Silva

Nogueira³

et al. 2020

Molecular Carcinogenesis

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The incidence of penile cancer (PeCa) is increasing worldwide, however, the highest rates are reported in underdeveloped countries. The molecular mechanisms that underly the onset and progression of these tumors are still unclear. Therefore, our goal was to determine the genome-wide copy number alterations and the involvement of human papiloma virus (HPV) (TP53 and RB1), inflammatory (COX2 and EGFR), and PI3K/AKT pathway (AKT1, AKT2, EGFR, ERBB3, ERBB4, PIK3CA, and PTEN) associated genes in patients with PeCa from a high incidence region in Brazil (Maranhão). HPV genotyping was performed by nest-PCR and genome sequencing, copy number alterations (CNAs) by array comparative genomic hybridization and gene copy number status, gene, and protein expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcriptasequantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry, respectively.HPV genotyping revealed one of the highest frequencies of HPV reported in PeCa, affecting 96.4% of the cases. The most common CNAs observed were located at the HPV integration sites, such as 2p12-p11.2 and 14q32.33, where Abbreviations: aCGH, array comparative genomic hybridization; CNA, copy number alteration; Cq, quantification cycle; FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; HPV, human papiloma virus;HrHPV, High risk HPV; IHCi, mmunohistochemistry; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PeCa, penile cancer; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RT-qPCR, reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; TMA, tissue microarray. ADAM 6, KIAA0125, LINC00226, LINC00221, and miR7641-2, are mapped. Increased copy number of ERBB3 and EGFR genes were observed in association with COX2 and EGFR overexpression, reinforcing the role of the inflammatory pathway in PeCa, and suggesting anti-EGFR and anti-COX2 inhibitors as promising therapies for PeCa. Additionally, TP53 and RB1 messenger RNA downregulation was observed, suggesting the occurrence of other mechanisms for repression of these oncoproteins, in addition to the canonical HPV/TP53/RB1 signaling pathway. Our data reinforce the role of epigenetic events in abnormal gene expression in HPV-associated carcinomas and suggest the pivotal role of HPV driving CNAs and controlling gene expression in PeCa. K E Y W O R D Scarcinoma of the penis, genomic alterations, human papillomavirus, molecular markers

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confidence: 99%

Genomic profiling reveals the pivotal role of hrHPV driving copy number and gene expression alterations, including mRNA downregulation of TP53 and RB1 in penile cancer

Macedo

Silva

Nogueira³

et al. 2020

Molecular Carcinogenesis

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“…Benign isolated ulcerating lesions of the glans penis are rare and can be mistaken for a malignant condition such as SCC 1. Here once a malignant lesion was excluded, the differential diagnoses of the necrotizing granulomatous inflammation were an infective or autoimmune cause or PG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare cancer with reported incidence of 1 in 100 000 in most developed countries 1. It can present as a fungating or ulcerating lesion on the foreskin or glans penis 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can present as a fungating or ulcerating lesion on the foreskin or glans penis 1. Other causes of penile ulceration include sexually acquired and non-sexually acquired infections, trauma and iatrogenic causes (eg, injectable substance reaction such as paraffin or silicone), inflammatory disorders (such as lichen sclerosus and lichen planus, bullous dermatoses, sarcoid, vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and drug eruptions) and neoplasms such as lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis 2–10.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the glans penis

Christodoulidou¹,

Bunker

Trevisan

et al. 2016

BMJ Case Reports

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We describe the case of a 73-year-old man who presented with a 10-month history of an ulcerating lesion on the glans penis. Initially this was thought to be an invasive squamous cell carcinoma but a biopsy showed histological features consistent with necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Extensive serological, immunological and microbiological tests only showed a positive antinuclear and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies indicating a possible autoimmune aetiology but an underlying systemic cause was not identified. Treatment with oral corticosteroids limited the inflammatory process but due to the gross destruction of the glans penis, he still required a glansectomy and split-skin graft reconstruction from which he recovered well. Although this patient ultimately required surgery for this rare presentation, this case highlights the differential diagnosis of penile ulceration (that transcends neoplasia) and the importance of performing and interpreting penile biopsies before undertaking potentially mutilating definitive surgery.

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“…4,5 Other conditions causing inflammation, such as balanitis, paraphimosis and lichen sclerosis, also increase the risk of penile cancer, as do iatrogenic causes such as treatment with PUVA and psoralen for psoriasis. 4 Other risk factors known to increase the risk of penile cancer include tobacco use (2.8-4.5% increase), and low socio-economic and educational status. 5,8 PATHOLOGY SCC is the most common type of penile cancer, representing 90% of cases.…”

Section: Diagnosis and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and management of penile cancer

Kane

Sellers

Miller

2016

Trends Urol & Men's Health

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P enile cancer is rare, representing less than 1% of all UK cancer diagnoses. It most commonly presents in the fifth decade and involves the glans or prepuce in over 80% of cases. 1 While squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the dominant pathology, other subtypes including basaloid, warty and adenosquamous also exist. 2 Human papillomavirus (HPV) and phimosis are the most important risk factors for the development of penile cancer.The prognosis is highly dependent on stage at diagnosis, ranging from 90% five-year survival with localised disease, to 40% with more than two lymph nodes involved. Due to the rarity of the disease, there is limited level 1 evidence for the management of penile cancer, and guidelines are often based on retrospective, single-centre studies. EPIDEMIOLOGYAlthough penile cancer is rare, with approximately 620 cases diagnosed in the UK annually, the incidence is increasing. Over the last decade the incidence in the UK has increased by 25%, with the majority of cases diagnosed in those over 65 years. 3 The increased incidence is explained by changes in sexual practice (resulting in higher exposure to HPV), decreasing rates of circumcision and an ageing population. 4 RISK FACTORSA number of risk factors for penile cancer have been identified, including HPV infection, smoking, circumcision state, phimosis, poor hygiene and low socioeconomic status. 5 HPV infection, which is associated with an increased number of sexual partners, a history of genital warts and concomitant sexually transmitted diseases, is a strong risk factor for penile cancer. As many as 60-80% of penile cancers are associated with HPV infection, 5

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Epidemiology of penile cancer

Cited by 114 publications

References 45 publications

Genomic profiling reveals the pivotal role of hrHPV driving copy number and gene expression alterations, including mRNA downregulation of TP53 and RB1 in penile cancer

Genomic profiling reveals the pivotal role of hrHPV driving copy number and gene expression alterations, including mRNA downregulation of TP53 and RB1 in penile cancer

Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the glans penis

Diagnosis and management of penile cancer

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