Epidemiology of Stone Disease in Pakistan

Memon, Amanullah; Anwar, Khurshid; Orakzai, Nasir; Ather, M. Hammad; Biyabani, Syed Raziuddin; Nasir, Abdul Razzaq; Paryani, Jai Pal; Ghani, Farooq; Siddiqui, Khurram M.; Abbas, Farhat; Bangash, Kashif; Ali, Liaqat; Aziz, Wajahat; Talati, Jamsheer

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4387-1_3

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Because of high temperature and excessive exposure to sunshine, the prevalence of urolithiasis was much higher in South Asia and Southeast Asia, such as Pakistan (16%) [14] and Thailand (16.9%) [16] . In India and Malaysia, the incidence was lower than 40/100 000 in 1960s, but three decades later, it grew dramatically to 930/100 000 and 442.7/100 000, respectively [17] , [18] , [19] .…”

Section: Prevalence Incidence and Recurrence Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 30–70 years ago, lower urinary tract (LUT) stones, especially vesical stones, accounted for 30%–94% of all stones, were dominated categories in many countries, like China, Japan, India, Malaysia, Thailand and Pakistan. However, it has changed gradually as the economy developed (only taking up for 3%–15%), with the UUT stones increasing and comprising the major part of urolithiasis (holding approximately 85%–93%) [4] , [14] , [18] , [24] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] .…”

Section: Prevalence Incidence and Recurrence Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, in most countries of Asia, calcium oxalate (75%–90%) is the most common component of UUT stones, followed by uric acid (5%−20%), calcium phosphate (6%−13%), struvite (2%−15%), apatite (1%) and cystine (0.5%−1%) [14] , [66] , [11] , [36] , [44] . Since 1960s, the proportion of calcium oxalate and uric acid stones have increased, which is the typical pattern in the countries, like China, Japan, India and Indonesia [11] , [31] , [41] , [42] .…”

Section: Chemical Constituents Of Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High levels of fluoride, sodium calcium, magnesium and phosphates in drinking water are also reported to be associated with calcium oxalate stones [4] , [16] , [17] , [53] , [55] . In India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, the main source of drinking water, which is underground water, is undergoing mineralization due to evaporation [14] , [17] , [53] . Prevalence of urolithiasis among people drinking high-fluorine water is 4.6 times higher than those in fluoride-free area [56] .…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia

Liu

Chen

Liao

et al. 2018

Asian Journal of Urology

292

205

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In Asia, about 1%–19.1% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. However, due to variations in socio-economic status and geographic locations, the prevalence and incidence have changed in different countries or regions over the years. The research for risk factors of urinary tract stones is of predominant importance. In this review, we find the prevalence of urolithiasis is 5%–19.1% in West Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, as well as some developed countries (South Korea and Japan), whereas, it is only 1%–8% in most part of East Asia and North Asia. The recurrence rate ranges from 21% to 53% after 3–5 years. Calcium oxalate (75%–90%) is the most frequent component of calculi, followed by uric acid (5%−20%), calcium phosphate (6%−13%), struvite (2%−15%), apatite (1%) and cystine (0.5%−1%). The incidence of urolithiasis reaches its peak in population aged over 30 years. Males are more likely to suffer from urinary calculi. Because of different dietary habits or genetic background, differences of prevalence among races or nationalities also exist. Genetic mutation of specific locus may contribute to the formation of different kinds of calculi. Dietary habits (westernized dietary habits and less fluid intake), as well as climatic factors (hot temperature and many hours of exposure to sunshine) play a crucial role in the development of stones. Other diseases, especially metabolic syndrome, may also contribute to urinary tract stones.

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Section: Prevalence Incidence and Recurrence Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Incidence and Recurrence Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Constituents Of Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia

Liu

Chen

Liao

et al. 2018

Asian Journal of Urology

292

205

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Such differences may involve several factors including: age, sex, fluid intake, dietary habits, occupation, educational level, race, socioeconomic status, and genetics. Due to excessive exposure to sunlight and high temperatures, a greater prevalence has been observed in South Asia and Southeast Asia, including Pakistan [3,4]. Furthermore, the stones located in different sites, i.e., upper or lower urinary tract, may have different compositions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy with furosemide and hydration in renal stone management: A randomised controlled trial

Sohu

Soomro

Mangrio

et al. 2019

Arab Journal of Urology

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2019) Efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy with furosemide and hydration in renal stone management: A randomised controlled trial, Arab Journal of Urology, 17:4, 279-284, ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the effect of diuretics (furosemide) administered before extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) followed by continuous infusion of 0.9% NaCl during the ESWL in patients with renal stones. Patients and methods: A tertiary care teaching hospital-based prospective randomised controlled trial was conducted from July 2015 to June 2017, including 714 patients who underwent ESWL. The patients were randomised in two groups: in Group-A, patients received 40 mg furosemide 30 min before each ESWL session and 1000 mL 0.9% NaCl intravenous hydration during the procedure. In Group-B, the patients only received 0.9% NaCl. All patients were followed-up every 2 weeks for 3 months with X-ray and ultrasonography of the kidney, ureter and bladder. Patients without a radio-opaque stone at follow-up were classified as successes. Results: After 2 months, the stone-free rate (SFR) was much higher in Group-A, at 77.0% vs 65.3% (P < 0.001). Further, for patients aged ≤40 years, the SFR was significantly higher in Group-A than Group-B, at 89.2% vs 71.4% (P < 0.001). The mean (SD) age of the patients was 34.4 (8.23) years. Amongst them, 441 (61.8%) were male and 273 (38.2%) were female. The mean (SD) stone size was 1.42 (0.21) cm in Group-A and 1.40 (0.20) cm in Group-B. Conclusion: We conclude that the efficacy of diuretics (furosemide) along with hydration is superior to hydration alone during ESWL for renal stone clearance.Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; KUB: kidney, ureter and bladder; OPD: Outpatient Department; ESWL: extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy; SFR, stone-free rate. ARTICLE HISTORY

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