Epidemiology of the 2010 Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Mongolia

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred in five provinces and 24 counties as part of the FMD incursion into Mongolia during 2010. The first detection occurred on 21 April 2010 (confirmed 26 April 2010) with the last detection occurring approximately 8 months later on 13 December 2010. The number of livestock detected in the spring phase of the outbreak was 323 cattle and in the summer phase was 13 485 sheep, 6748 cattle, 5692 goats and 10 camels (total livestock summer phase = 25 935; for spring and summer phases combined = 26 258). Infection of livestock was confirmed by PCR for each affected county but not necessarily for every outbreak cluster involving more than one herder. It is likely that the summer phase of the outbreak was a continuation of the spring event. In the summer phase, the spatio-temporal pattern of spread suggested an extension of infection from the main cluster in the Sukhbaatar county. There was also a number of long-distance clusters established. The relative importance of spread by three potential pathways of gazelle, livestock, animal product and fomite movements has not been determined and will require further study. The estimated dissemination ratio (EDR) did not provide evidence of high rate of transmission of infection between herders; however, the data are limited by the quality of surveillance and the method of calculation which used the date of detection rather than the date of infection.

Enhanced Immune Responses with Serum Proteomic Analysis of Hu Sheep to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Emulsified in a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

“…Although sheep and goats may not clinically manifest typical FMD signs, they can excrete a large amount of FMDV with much longer duration than do cattle [ 19 , 20 ]. Therefore, the small ruminant may represent the main FMD-susceptible livestock and play a significant role in spreading the infection during outbreaks in some areas of the world [ 21 , 22 ]. Usually, a comprehensive approach including surveillance, limitation of movement in susceptible animals, slaughter of diseased animals, and vaccination are recommended in FMD endemic areas [ 23 , 24 ].…”

The protective capacity of high payload FMDV A22 IRQ vaccine in sheep against direct-contact challenge with a heterologous, contemporary FMDV A strain from South East Asia

“…Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease that affects ruminants and pigs, caused by FMD virus (FMDV), a small, positive-sense RNA virus in the Genus Aphthovirus , Family Picornaviridae . Cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are the livestock species that play an important role in the epidemiology of FMD in many parts of the world, and sheep have been central to the spread of infection in numerous outbreaks [ 1 , 2 ]. This spread is facilitated by cases often going undetected, as clinical signs of FMD in sheep are frequently mild or inapparent.…”