Epidemiology of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63 and OC43 detected over 30 months in the Singapore military

Liaw, Chin-Wen; Lim, Ai Sim; Koh, Wee-Jin; Loh, Jin Phang; Kan, Clement; Chan, Ka-Wei; Ting, Pei-Jun; Ng, Sock Hoon; Chew, Seok Wei; Dua, Anisha B.; Tan, Chik How; Gao, Qingbo; Ho, Hin Peow; lee, V.; Tan, Boon Huan

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.305

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Up to July 25, the number of diagnosed patients in the world has exceeded 15.3 million, and the number is still rising rapidly. As a new member of the coronavirus family, the characters this novel coronavirus is significantly similar to the six known coronavirus genome sequences ( Lai et al, 2020 ; Liaw et al, 2012 ). In particular, its homology with SARS-CoV exceeds 79% ( Chen et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Estimation of the potential spread risk of COVID-19: Occurrence assessment along the Yangtze, Han, and Fu River basins in Hubei, China

Yang

Wang

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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Given that the novel coronavirus was detected in stool and urine from diagnosed patients, the potential risk of its transmission through the water environment might not be ignored. In the current study, to investigate the spread possibility of COVID-19 via the environmental media, three typical rivers (Yangtze, Han, and Fu River) and watershed cities in Hubei province of China were selected, and a more comprehensive risk assessment analysis method was built with a risk index proposed. Results showed that the risk index in the Yangtze River Basin is about 10 −12 , compared to 10 −10 and 10 −8 in the Han and Fu River Basins, and the risk index is gradually reduced from Wuhan city to the surrounding cities. The safety radius and safety time period for the Yangtze, Han, and Fu River are 8 km/14 h, 20 km/30 h and 36 km/36 h, respectively. The linear relationship between the risk potential calculated by the QMRA model and the multiple linear regression proved that the built index model is statistically significant. By comparing the theoretical removal rates for the novel coronavirus, our study proposed an effective method to estimate the potential spread risk of COVID-19 in the typical river basins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Estimation of the potential spread risk of COVID-19: Occurrence assessment along the Yangtze, Han, and Fu River basins in Hubei, China

Yang

Wang

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Define Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded and enveloped positive-sense 5'-3' RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, which originally found in various species of birds, bats, snakes, and other mammals [29]. 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 were the previously known coronaviruses strains that infected humans in various ways [30]. The latest SARS CoV-2 is also an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense viruses ((+) ssRNA virus).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Molecular Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of an Emerging Coronavirus Infection, COVID-19: Current Status of Vaccine Development and Therapeutics

Rana¹,

Hasan²,

Enan³

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 first reported in Wuhan, China, causes serious respiratory illnesses such as lung failure and pneumonia. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) the pathogenic agent of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus. WHO announced COVID-19 a global pandemic and now the whole world is eagerly waiting for vaccines and therapeutic treatment to get rid of this unstoppable coronavirus. As COVID-19 infection, a global threat creates unwanted human casualties and serious economic loss. To stop the ongoing uncontrolled situation researchers are racing to develop prevention and treatment strategies. Vaccines of different countries are in clinical and preclinical trials and the repurposed-drugs are providing to find out a positive result against COVID-19. The report is an analysis of published information focusing on treatment options including vaccination, drug-therapy, cytokines, therapeutic antibodies. Most of the vaccine's development strategies and drugs target the surface structural spike glycoprotein or S-protein, the major inducer of pathogenic responses. Here, it is reviewed the features of SARS-CoV-2 and the global current status of therapeutic, and vaccine development for the prevention and effective treatment of COVID-19.

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“…The first HCoVs identified in the early 1960's were HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. They are a part of four well-characterized seasonal HCoVs (sHCoV), including HKU1-CoV and NL63 each of which is frequently associated with the common cold and are held susceptible for 2 of the respiratory tract infections [3] pathogenic potential of these strains is moderately low, they can cause complications such as sepsis or severe respiratory distress in the elderly, infants, immunocompromised individuals, or in people with a pre pulmonary condition. Although the estimate of their contribution to respiratory illnesses varies, sHCoVs widely remain asymptomatic in more than half of cases [4].…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Covid-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CoV and NL63-CoV, each of which is frequently associated with the common cold and are held susceptible for 2-18% [3]. While the pathogenic potential of these strains is moderately low, they can cause complications such as sepsis or severe respiratory distress in immunocompromised individuals, or in people with a pre-existing pulmonary condition.…”

Section: -19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pathogenesis, Immune Responses, and Treatment Options

Eswaran¹,

Krishna²

2020

AJRID

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Background: The emergence and the spread of the novel coronavirus or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a devastating impact on the economy and has become a pressing issue globally. Due to the significant increase in the number of confirmed cases and death tolls worldwide, and certain countries reporting second waves, there is an immediate need for an effective vaccine or other therapeutic intervention to control the spread of the disease. Improving our understanding on the host’s anti-viral immune response on SARS-CoV-2 infection, the potential immune evasion mechanisms adopted by the virus, and the speculated role of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis will aid in identifying and designing effective therapeutics. Aim: This review aims to provide an in-depth view of the current knowledge available on the range of host defense mechanisms activated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and various immune evasion mechanisms utilized by the virus. In addition, it also highlights the postulated role of ADE in viral pathogenesis and covers the different preventive and therapeutic options available for the treatment of COVID-19 based on current literature. Discussion: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic serves as a timely reminder on the constant evolutionary process the virus undergoes to emerge as a novel strain and to spread undetected within the population. Similar to other infectious diseases, the host defence mechanism is triggered, and it plays a central role in dampening viral replication by recruiting immune cells and activating anti-viral mechanisms to control the spread of infection by SARS-CoV-2. However, the virus has adopted different immune evasion mechanisms to circumvent host surveillance to successfully establish infection. Hence, understanding the host’s immune responses triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical for identifying and designing novel and effective therapeutics. Currently, over 70% of the population are either asymptomatic or they showcase mild to moderate symptoms and reasons for why some people can mount immune responses more quickly than others are unknown. However, a growing body of research speculates that the ADE mechanism may facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 entry and can contribute to severe clinical manifestations. With the constant rise in the number of confirmed cases, there is an immediate need for an effective vaccine to mitigate the spread of the virus. Presently, there is no treatment for COVID-19 although several vaccine candidates are in clinical trials. Therefore, preventive measures like social distancing, isolation, and travel restrictions, may be the key to controlling the rapid spread of COVID-19.

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Epidemiology of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63 and OC43 detected over 30 months in the Singapore military

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Estimation of the potential spread risk of COVID-19: Occurrence assessment along the Yangtze, Han, and Fu River basins in Hubei, China

Estimation of the potential spread risk of COVID-19: Occurrence assessment along the Yangtze, Han, and Fu River basins in Hubei, China

Overview of an Emerging Coronavirus Infection, COVID-19: Current Status of Vaccine Development and Therapeutics

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pathogenesis, Immune Responses, and Treatment Options

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