Epidemiology of the Incidence and Mortality of Pancreas Cancer and its Relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) in the World: An Ecological Study in 2018

Abstract

Objective: Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in developed countries and a lethal malignant neoplasm worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality and its relationship with HDI. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that is based on cancer incidence data and cancer mortality rates derived from the World Bank for Cancer in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates of Pancreas as well as Pancreas cancer distribution maps were derived for world countries. The data analysis was conducted using correlation test, and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation of the incidence and mortality of Pancreas with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14, and a significance level of 0.05 was considered. Results: The highest incidence of pancreatic cancer was reported in Asia with 214499 (46.7%) cases and the lowest incidence was related to Oceania with 4529 cases (99.9%). The results showed a positive and significant correlation between incidence (R = 0.764, P <0.0001) and mortality (R = 0.0.771, P <0.0001) of pancreatic cancer and the HDI index. The results of ANOVA revealed that the highest mean incidence was related to the very high HDI (P <0.0001) and the highest mortality was connected to the very high human development (P <0.0001). The results exhibited that incidence was positively and significantly correlated with GNI (r = 0.497, P <0.0001), MYS (r = 0.746, P <0.0001), LEB (r = 0.676, <0.0001) and EYS (r = 0.738, P <0.0001). Also, a significant positive correlation was found between mortality and GNI (r = 0.507, P <0.0001), MYS (r = 0.745, P <0.0001), LEB (r = 0.679, <0.0001), and EYS (r = 0.748, P <0.0001). Conclusion: Given the higher incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer in countries with HDI, it is necessary to pay a greater attention to risk factors and appropriate planning to reduce these factors and minimize the impact and mortality rate of this disease.

A Review of Colorectal Cancer in Terms of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Development, Symptoms and Diagnosis

“…The fact that colorectal cancer is the age-related disease is particularly evident in the developed countries where the rate of colorectal cancer is the highest. The number of colorectal cancer incidence in these countries is associated, among others, with longer life expectancy and, in consequence, increase number of old people in the population [ 61 ]. It should be emphasized, however, that the results of the newest studies indicated that the incidences of colorectal cancer rise among young adults (20–49 years old) in the United States and Europe [ 62 , 63 ].…”

Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors

“…The higher incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer were reported in countries and regions with higher levels of HDI and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and the coefficients of determination (R 2 ) of HDI and GPD per capita were high for the incidence and mortality[ 22 ]. The higher incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer in countries with higher HDI indicates the importance that paying more attention and implementing appropriate programme to reduce risk factors acts as an effective measure to control the incidence and mortality of the cancer[ 23 ].…”

Direct Endoplasmic Reticulum Targeting by the Selective Alkylphospholipid Analog and Antitumor Ether Lipid Edelfosine as a Therapeutic Approach in Pancreatic Cancer

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