Epidemiology of theileriosis in calves in an endemic area of Kenya

Moll, George; Lohding, A.; Young, A. S.; Leitch, B. L.

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(86)90073-7

Cited by 76 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although the percentage of calves that seroconverted to the two parasites in the first year of life was similar (77% and 82%, respectively), the mean age at seroconversion to T. mutans was much earlier (107 compared with 178 days), and over three times as many calves seroconverted first to T. mutans than to T. parva . Similar observations were made in two previous studies in the Trans-Mara district of Kenya, in which the antibody response to T. mutans considerably preceded that to T. parva (Moll and Lohding, 1984, 1986). For example, in the first study, the mean age at active response to T. mutans was estimated to be 70·4 days compared with that of T. parva at 110·4 days.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

A longitudinal assessment of the serological response toTheileria parvaand other tick-borne parasites from birth to one year in a cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya

et al. 2014

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SUMMARYTick-borne diseases are a major impediment to improved productivity of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Improved control of these diseases would be assisted by detailed epidemiological data. Here we used longitudinal, serological data to determine the patterns of exposure to Theileria parva, Theileria mutans, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale from 548 indigenous calves in western Kenya. The percentage of calves seropositive for the first three parasites declined from initial high levels due to maternal antibody until week 16, after which the percentage increased until the end of the study. In contrast, the percentage of calves seropositive for T. mutans increased from week 6 and reached a maximal level at week 16. Overall 423 (77%) calves seroconverted to T. parva, 451 (82%) to T. mutans, 195 (36%) to B. bigemina and 275 (50%) to A. marginale. Theileria parva antibody levels were sustained following infection, in contrast to those of the other three haemoparasites. Three times as many calves seroconverted to T. mutans before seroconverting to T. parva. No T. parva antibody response was detected in 25 calves that died of T. parva infection, suggesting that most deaths due to T. parva are the result of acute disease from primary exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

A longitudinal assessment of the serological response toTheileria parvaand other tick-borne parasites from birth to one year in a cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya

et al. 2014

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“…An example of this scenario has been studied and documented in the Trans-Mara District in the south-western area of the Rift Valley Province (Figure 2): in one study, all calves (n = 116) became infected by 6 months of age with very low ECF-specific mortality (3% up to 6 months of age) [14]. In another study, none of the calves (n = 31) died up to 6 months of age although all developed Theileria infections [15]. At the time these studies were carried out (early 80s), this area could as well be characterized as a livestock-wildlife interface with the presence of buffalos among other wildlife species.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) in Kenya: past, present and the future

et al. 2012

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In this article, we review the epidemiology of East Coast fever (ECF), a tick-borne infection of cattle, in Kenya. The major factors associated with epidemiology of ECF include the agro-ecological zone (AEZ), livestock production system (LPS) and both animal breed and age. These factors appear to influence the epidemiology of ECF through structured gradients. We further show that the gradients are dynamically shaped by socio-demographic and environmental processes. For a vector-borne disease whose transmission depends on environmental characteristics that influence vector dynamics, a change in the environment implies a change in the epidemiology of the disease. The review recommends that future ECF epidemiological studies should account for these factors and the dynamic interactions between them. In Kenya, ECF control has previously relied predominantly on tick control using acaricides and chemotherapy while ECF immunization is steadily being disseminated. We highlight the contribution of ECF epidemiology and economics in the design of production system and/or geographical area-specific integrated control strategies based on both the dynamic epidemiological risk of the disease and economic impacts of control strategies. In all production systems (except marginal areas), economic analyses demonstrate that integrated control in which ECF immunization is always an important component, can play an important role in the overall control of the disease. Indeed, Kenya has recently approved ECF immunization in all production systems (except in marginal areas). If the infrastructure of the vaccine production and distribution can be heightened, large ECF endemic areas are expected to be endemically stable and the disease controlled. Finally, the review points the way for future research by identifying scenario analyses as a critical methodology on which to base future investigations on how both dynamic livestock management systems and patterns of land use influence the dynamics and complexity of ECF epidemiology and the implications for control.

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“…The overall average crude calf mortality rate of 8.3% was higher than what was reported by Okello-Onen and Rutagwenda (1998) of 5.8% in the same area and lower than 20-40% of indigenous cattle in Uganda (Otim 1991). Elsewhere, the following calf mortality rates due to ECF have been reported: 7.4% in small dairy farms in Murang'a District, Kenya (Gitau et al 1999), below 10% in Zebu calves in endemic areas in Burundi (Moll et al 1986), 4.5% under twice week dipping and 15.7% under once week dipping in cattle ranches in Luwero district, Uganda ) and 30-60% in Masai pastoral and agropastoral herds (Homewood et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Disease incidence in ranch and pastoral livestock herds around Lake Mburo National Park, in South Western Uganda

Ocaido

Muwazi

Opuda

2009

Trop Anim Health Prod

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A longitudinal study was done to monitor incidence of livestock diseases in ranch and pastoral herds around Lake Mburo National Park, in South-western Uganda with a high level of wildlife (impala and zebra) and livestock (cattle and goats) interactions. East Coast Fever (ECF), abortions, helminthosis and starvation due to drought were major livestock disease problems encountered. ECF was a major disease affecting mainly calves, causing mortality both in ranch (8.5%) and pastoral (8.2%) herds. Meanwhile, drought was a more serious in pastoral than ranch herds (p < 0.05), killing 28.5% and 5.8% of adult female cattle in respective production systems. Other endemic diseases found and controlled by vaccination were FMD, CBPP and blackquarter. In both cattle and goats helminthosis was causing mortalities, 3.3% and 0.8% among calves in pastoral and ranches respectively; and 4.8% and 6.9% among kids and sub-adult goats respectively. Many cases of abortions occurred among pastoral herds. In conclusion, the disease incidence among livestock was the same or relatively low as compared to other areas without wildlife.

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Epidemiology of theileriosis in calves in an endemic area of Kenya

Cited by 76 publications

References 15 publications

A longitudinal assessment of the serological response toTheileria parvaand other tick-borne parasites from birth to one year in a cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya

A longitudinal assessment of the serological response toTheileria parvaand other tick-borne parasites from birth to one year in a cohort of indigenous calves in western Kenya

Epidemiology of East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) in Kenya: past, present and the future

Disease incidence in ranch and pastoral livestock herds around Lake Mburo National Park, in South Western Uganda

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