Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in zimbabwe. II. Anaplasmosis

Norval, R. A. I.; Fivaz, B. H.; Lawrence, J. A.; Daillecourt, Thanai

doi:10.1007/bf02239846

Cited by 46 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The rickettsial parasites that cause anaplasmosis, Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale, are biologically transmitted largely by the vectors R. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. microplus (Norval et al, 1984b). Anaplasmosis can also be transmitted mechanically through biting insects and use of surgical instruments, and transmission by Hyalomma rufipes is also possible (Rikhotso et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Sungirai

Moyo

Clercq

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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Tick borne diseases (TBDs) are responsible for huge economic losses in cattle production in most African countries where the majority of cattle owners are the resource poor communal farmers. Governments have initiated and co-ordinate tick control programs with farmers required to contribute funds for their sustenance. The success of these programs will hinge upon the involvement of communal farmers in their design, implementation and evaluation. To this end, 313 communal farmers (approximately 8.4% of the target population) were interviewed and 3 focus group discussions were carried out in the southern low-veld part of Zimbabwe with the objectives of investigating communal farmers" perceptions on TBDs affecting cattle, level of participation in government initiated tick control programs, other tick control methods practiced, types of acaricides used and their perceived effectiveness. There was a general awareness of TBDs with 67.7% (n=212) farmers being able to describe tick diseases with names or clinical and post-mortem signs. The diseases or situations frequently associated with ticks were codwriosis (38%, n=119), mastitis (36.7%, n=115), anaplasmosis (36.1%, n=113), body damage (28.4%, n=89), babesiosis (24.6%, n=77) and poor body condition (16.6%, n=52). Cattle mortalities due to TBDs were reported by 23.8% (n=74) of the farmers. Farmers (40.6% , n=127) reported an increase in the number of cases of TBDs while 53.4% (n=167) did not see an increase. The plunge dip was consistently used by farmers (70.3%, n=220) to control ticks. Other tick control methods practiced were the hand spraying (67.4%, n=211), hand dressing (16.6%, n=52), traditional methods (5.4%, n=17), use of pour-ons (4.5%, n=14) and smearing (2.2%, n=7). The formamidines were the most common class of acaricide used (59.4%, n=186), followed by synthetic pyrethroids (29.1%, n=91), macro cyclic lactones (12.8%, n=40) and organophosphates (4.5%, n=14). Most farmers (75.2%, n=231) perceived these acaricides to be effective in controlling ticks. The results of focus group discussions showed that a number of factors influenced the success of government initiated tick control programs and these included inconsistent supply of acaricides, unaffordable dipping fees, lack of water, long distance to the dip tank, lack of information on dipping procedures and lack of knowledge on strategies for delaying acaricide resistance. This study demonstrates that while farmers can be a valuable source of information with regards to the epidemiology of tick borne diseases affecting their cattle, there is still need for further training in understanding the TBDs and strategies for their control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The epidemiology of these diseases has been studied in the past (Katsande et al, 1999a;Latif et al, 2001;Norval et al, 1984a;Peter et al, 1998). Tick-borne diseases are responsible for more than 60% of all cattle mortalities in the country (Sungirai et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Sungirai

Moyo

Clercq

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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“…The failure to identify A. marginale reactors was a surprising finding as this organism occurs widely throughout Zimbabwe except in the extreme west (Norval et al, 1984) and is transmitted by a wider vector range than B. bigemina. These vectors include B. decoloratus, Hom.…”

Section: S S 0 0 N N D D J J F F M M a A M M J J A 19ss Month 19e9mentioning

confidence: 92%

Indigenous and crossbred cattle—A comparison of resistance to ticks and implications for their strategic control in Zimbabwe

Fivaz

Waal

Lander³

1992

Trop Anim Health Prod

Self Cite

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A comparison of the tick resistance of indigenous Mashona and crossbred Afrikander x Sussex oxen following natural tick infestation indicated that significantly more African blue ticks Boophilus decoloratus were found on the crossbred than the indigenous cattle (P < 0.05). The two groups of cattle were exposed to Babesia bigemina and Theileria taurotragi as indicated by high antibody titres on the indirect fluorescent antibody test, but no antibodies could be demonstrated to Anaplasma marginale and T. parva bovis despite the presence of their vectors. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Hyalomma truncatum and H. marginatum rufipes showed a seasonal distribution. The implications of the findings in terms of strategic tick control are discussed.

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“…Severe irritation, allergy, and toxicosis often plague livestock growers (Niyonzema and Kiltz 1986). In large ruminants, ticks reduce milk production (Sajid et al 2007), increase mortality (Niyonzema and Kiltz 1986), and transmit serious diseases such as babesiosis, theileriosis, and anaplasmosis (Celep 1982;Lawrence et al 1983;Norval et al 1984). In Pakistan, high tick burdens on livestock are common, yet only a few investigations document infestation levels, taxonomically validate the pest complex, and attempt to characterize acaricidal efficacy (Chaudhry et al 1969;Siddiqi and Jan 1986;Iqbal 1971;Khan et al 1998;Sajid et al 2008Sajid et al , 2009a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prevalence, associated determinants, and in vivo chemotherapeutic control of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic goats (Capra hircus) of lower Punjab, Pakistan

Sajid¹,

Iqbal²,

Khan³

et al. 2010

Parasitol Res

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A total of 800 goats of various breeds, age, and sex were randomly selected from Muzaffargarh (M. garh) and Layyah districts of lower Punjab, Pakistan. The selected goats were visited twice a month to collect information about determinants influencing goat tick infestation prevalence. For acaricidal efficacy, 360 tick-infested adult goats were subjected to an acaricidal treatment and post-treatment quantitative assessment of tick burden. Quantification of adult tick detachment 24 h post-treatment and the duration of treatment efficacy were calculated. Overall prevalence of goat tick infestation in both study districts was 60.1% (481/800). The prevalence was higher in district M. garh than in district Layyah. Tehsil-wise prevalence in district Layyah was highest in tehsil Layyah followed in order by Chaubara and Karor. In district M. garh, highest prevalence was found in tehsil M. garh followed by Kot Addu, Alipur, and Jatoi. Hyalomma a. anatolicum (75.9%; 365/481) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (24.1%; 116/481) were the predominant species in both the districts. The highest month-wise prevalence was 56.9% and 62.7% in Layyah and M. garh districts, respectively, during July 2008, and the minimum (0%) prevalence was reported in November and December, respectively. Regarding host determinants, female goats were more heavily infested (72.8%) than males (47.5%), and younger animals were (63.5%) more burdened than older ones (56.7%). Teddy goats were the most susceptible breeds followed in order by Beetal, cross-bred, Nachi, and Dera Din Pannah. The preferred sites of attachment were inside and outside of the ear. Both the ivermectin (IVM)- and cypermethrin (CYM)-treated groups resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) tick counts relative to controls on all post-treatment counting days. The lowest tick burden in the IVM-treated group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) as compared to the CYM-treated group, the latter being close to zero. Hence, the in vivo efficacy trials of injectable IVM vs CYM pour-on revealed better results for the latter. These observations provided the first insights into what determinants impact goat tick infestation, and laid a foundation for planning of future control programs in the lower Punjab, Pakistan.

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Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in zimbabwe. II. Anaplasmosis

Cited by 46 publications

References 10 publications

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Indigenous and crossbred cattle—A comparison of resistance to ticks and implications for their strategic control in Zimbabwe

Prevalence, associated determinants, and in vivo chemotherapeutic control of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic goats (Capra hircus) of lower Punjab, Pakistan

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