Epidemiology of Trematode Infections

Gastrointestinal helminths of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from Egypt

“…He classified them as blood flukes, liver flukes, lung flukes, and intestinal flukes based on their habitat in the definite host. Haplorchis, Prosthodendrium and Mesocestoides tetrathyridia reported in the present study are considered human infecting intestinal flukes [26,27] .…”

“…Chai [27] marked 70 species of digenetic trematodes that infect humans. He classified them as blood flukes, liver flukes, lung flukes, and intestinal flukes based on their habitat in the definite host.…”

Heterophyid trematodes recovered from people residing along the Boseong River, South Korea

“…The recovery of H. nocens and S. fuscata specimens was unexpected, because these two trematode species are transmitted by brackish water fishes such as mullets, gobies, shads, and perches but not by freshwater fishes (Chai et al, 2009;Chai, 2014). The area of Gokseong-gun is a freshwater area remote from the brackish water zone.…”

“…The area of Gokseong-gun is a freshwater area remote from the brackish water zone. H. continua is also a brackish water species but surprisingly the metacercariae of H. continua were detected in a freshwater fish species, sweetfish (Cho and Kim, 1985), the major infection source of M. yokogawai (Chai and Lee, 2002;Chai, 2014). Infection with these 3 brackish water heterophyid species is possibly by consumption of infected mullets and gobies supplied from remote coastal areas.…”

“…The geographical distribution of M. yokogawai is wide, from Far Eastern Asia (Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, and Russia) to Middle Europe (Rumania, Israel, the Balkan States, and Spain), although epidemiologic significance in causing human diseases is much higher in the Far East than in Europe (Yu and Mott, 1994;Chai et al, 2009;Chai, 2014). In Korea, most highly endemic areas included the Sumjin River (Yeo and Seo, 1971), Tamjin River (Chai et al, 1977), and Osip Stream in Samchok-shi (Chai et al, 2000) based on adult worm recovery from people.…”