Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia

Alrajhi, Abdulrahman A.; Albarrak, Ali

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1_4

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Similarly, Saudi Arabia reported increasing rates of extrapulmonary TB (abdominal TB 16%) from 1993 at which point the incidence was 1.7 cases per 100 000 population, to 4.7 cases in 1997. During the same time frame, reported pulmonary TB was decreasing 29 …”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 82%

Systematic review: tuberculous peritonitis – presenting features, diagnostic strategies and treatment

Sanai

Bzeizi

2005

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

392

472

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Summary The peritoneum is one of the most common extrapulmonary sites of tuberculous infection. Peritoneal tuberculosis remains a significant problem in parts of the world where tuberculosis is prevalent. Increasing population migration, usage of more potent immunosuppressant therapy and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has contributed to a resurgence of this disease in regions where it had previously been largely controlled. Tuberculous peritonitis frequently complicates patients with underlying end‐stage renal or liver disease that further adds to the diagnostic difficulty. The diagnosis of this disease, however, remains a challenge because of its insidious nature, the variability of its presentation and the limitations of available diagnostic tests. A high index of suspicion is needed whenever confronted with unexplained ascites, particularly in high‐risk patients. Based on a systematic review of the literature, we recommend: tuberculous peritonitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients presenting with unexplained lymphocytic ascites and those with a serum‐ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) of <11 g/L; culture growth of Mycobacterium of the ascitic fluid or peritoneal biopsy as the gold standard test; further studies to determine the role of polymerase chain reaction, ascitic adenosine deaminase and the BACTEC radiometric system for acceleration of mycobacterial identification as means of improving the diagnostic yield; increasing utilization of ultrasound and computerized tomographic scan for the diagnosis and as a guidance to obtain peritoneal biopsies; low threshold for diagnostic laparoscopy; treatment for 6 months with the first‐line antituberculous drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) in uncomplicated cases.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 82%

Systematic review: tuberculous peritonitis – presenting features, diagnostic strategies and treatment

Sanai

Bzeizi

2005

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

392

472

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“…Previous reports have evaluated TB estimates in the KSA, the situation of TB cases among migrant laborers, and the impact of migration on TB incidence rates in the KSA. However, these reports covered data until the year 2012 [4,6,8]. To improve planning strategies for TB control and preventive measures, comprehensive epidemiological and clinical studies and statistics on TB are required concerning both nationals and non-Saudis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They could be due to NTP diagnostic and health-care quality differences between these regions and the accessibility of health-care services and other social services [4]. For the Jeddah and Mekkah areas, high incidence rates may be due to intensive people transportation and traffic who are mainly concentrated in a small area over the very short time period of Hajj [8]. Moreover, important TB risk factors are socioeconomic factors, poverty, poor living conditions, and income levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, important TB risk factors are socioeconomic factors, poverty, poor living conditions, and income levels. Further studies evaluating common social determinants of TB could help explain some of the differences between TB rates between Saudis and non-Saudis and geographical areas and urbanization [4,6,8]. Malnutrition and life stresses may cause the latent M.tb infection (LTBI) to recur, but improved living conditions and higher income levels of migrants and the workforce together with the proper prevention, screening, and treatment strategies of LTBI could help control TB in the non-Saudi population [4,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Health-care units submit monthly TB case reports that include relapsed and new patients in addition to treatment outcomes [4]. Various studies and reviews have been published about the TB problem in Saudi Arabia [4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, recent and detailed data have not been published to date on TB, especially concerning the large migrant worker and labor force or its impact on TB incidence trends in the KSA among Saudi nationals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Untitled

2019

JCEI

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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the largest Arab countries with a moderate annual problem of tuberculosis that is either pulmonary or extra-pulmonary. TB is still one of the most significant health troubles in the KSA, affecting different nationalities (Saudis, non-Saudis), ages, provinces, and genders. The control of TB still faces some challenges in different provinces of the KSA.Data were collected, arranged, analyzed and presented in tables and figures. In this retrospective study, we appraised TB surveillance data for the period between 2013 (1434H) and 2018 (1439H). Data were handled using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23. Data were checked for normality using Shapiro-Wilk normality test at 0.05 levels to determine whether they are parametric or nonparametric. Chi-squared, Kruskal Wallis, and analysis of variance tests were used to evaluate trends at a significance level of p< 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS version 23 for Mac OS.We appraised TB surveillance data for the period between 2013 (1434H) and 2018 (1439H). The data included the region of the country (province), age, sex, and nationality (Saudis, non-Saudis). The study evaluated the impact of TB on various nationalities (Saudis and non-Saudis), age groups (0-14, 15-34, 35-55, more than 55 years old), and genders (males and females). Non-Saudis had a higher incidence rate than Saudis in 2013-2018. The number of cases and incidence rates of TB recorded in males between 2013 to 2018 were about two to three times greater than estimates for females. The Makkah, Riyadh, and Jeddah regions attract enormous numbers of non-Saudi migrant workers, who account for ~60% of all TB cases in the KSA. Assessing the main TB risk factors contributing to high TB rates in non-Saudi workers is essential. Furthermore, periodical accurate studies, including evidence-based studies for optimum surveillance, avoidance, spread risk, inspection, control procedures and treatment of TB, should be conducted. These assessments would lead to evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of KSA-NTP's TB action plan. Volume 4 | Issue 6| 1 of 9 www.opastonline.com J Clin Exp Immunol, 2019 Volume 4 | Issue 6| 2 of 9 www.opastonline.com J Clin Exp Immunol, 2019 Volume 4 | Issue 6| 5 of 9 www.opastonline.com

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