Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Emerging Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Makri, Eleftheria; Goulas, A.; Polyzos, Stergios A.

doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.11.010

Cited by 149 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…It is the most common form of liver disease worldwide and its prevalence is expected to increase in years to come [158]. NAFLD is characterized by the accumulation of excessive fat in the liver, mainly due to pathological processes such as triglycerides accumulation, steatosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) [159,160]. NAFLD and NASH can ultimately develop into cirrhosis and result in liver failure [161].…”

Section: Liver Disease and Resveratrol: Clinical Trials 41 Resveratrol And Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Resveratrol in Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review from In Vitro to Clinical Trials

et al. 2021

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Many studies have shown that resveratrol has a lot of therapeutic effects on liver disorders. Its administration can significantly increase the survival rate after liver transplantation, reduce fat deposition and ischemia-induced necrosis and apoptosis in Wistar rats. Resveratrol can provide Liver protection against chemical, cholestatic, and alcohol-mediated damage. It can improve glucose metabolism and lipid profile, reduce liver fibrosis, and steatosis. Additionally, it is capable of altering the fatty acid composition of the liver cells. Resveratrol may be a potential treatment option for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and calorie-restricting effects. There are also studies that have evaluated the effect of resveratrol on lipid and liver enzyme profiles among patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders. Based on the extent of liver disease worldwide and the need to find new treatment possibilities, this review critically examines current in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies and human clinical studies related to liver protection.

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Section: Liver Disease and Resveratrol: Clinical Trials 41 Resveratrol And Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Resveratrol in Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review from In Vitro to Clinical Trials

et al. 2021

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“…Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 1 . NAFLD entails a spectrum of histopathological features that range from simple steatosis via the establishment of inflammation and hepatocellular injury, ie non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with or without fibrosis to cirrhosis with risk of developing end‐stage liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 2 . NAFLD shares common pathogenetic factors not only with obesity and T2DM but also with other components of insulin resistance (IR) syndrome or metabolic syndrome (MetS), including dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension 1,2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NAFLD entails a spectrum of histopathological features that range from simple steatosis via the establishment of inflammation and hepatocellular injury, ie non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with or without fibrosis to cirrhosis with risk of developing end‐stage liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 2 . NAFLD shares common pathogenetic factors not only with obesity and T2DM but also with other components of insulin resistance (IR) syndrome or metabolic syndrome (MetS), including dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension 1,2 . NAFLD seems to interplay with the components of MetS in a dynamic way, ie it affects them and it is affected by them, and by this way, NAFLD may add to the cardiovascular (CV) risk of affected individuals 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases: associations and treatment considerations

Polyzos

Kechagias

Tsochatzis

2021

Aliment Pharmacol Ther

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Summary Background There are increasing data on the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Aim To summarise evidence on the association between NAFLD and CVD in the clinical setting and provide potential therapeutic implications. Methods We searched PubMed. Evidence was primarily derived from meta‐analyses. and then, if data were insufficient, from clinical trials, and then from observational studies. Results NAFLD has been linked to arterial hypertension, arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation and aortic valvular sclerosis. Advanced liver fibrosis is a crucial prognostic factor for end‐stage liver disease and for cardiovascular and overall mortality. Weight loss through lifestyle modifications (diet and exercise) remains the cornerstone of the management of both NAFLD and CVD, but is difficult to achieve and possibly more difficult to sustain long term. Therefore, pharmacological management of NAFLD seems to be important, although no licenced medication currently exists. Pioglitazone, proposed for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by most guidelines, increases weight and should be avoided in congestive heart failure. Statins should not be avoided in NAFLD patients at risk for CVD. Glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors, two classes of anti‐diabetic drugs, have shown promising results in NAFLD and CVD, but more studies with hard end points are needed. Obeticholic acid, a promising medication for NASH under investigation, should be carefully considered, owing to its adverse effect on lipid profile. Conclusions NAFLD is associated with CVD, which may have certain clinical and therapeutic implications.

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“…Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has an overall global prevalence of about 25.2% and is expected to increase in the near future [ 1 , 2 ]. The disease, characterized by hepatic steatosis, may proceed to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and, eventually, fibrosis with cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Propensity of the Human Liver to Form Large Lipid Droplets Is Associated with PNPLA3 Polymorphism, Reduced INSIG1 and NPC1L1 Expression and Increased Fibrogenetic Capacity

Ferri

Carotti

Carpino

et al. 2021

IJMS

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In nonalcoholic steatohepatitis animal models, an increased lipid droplet size in hepatocytes is associated with fibrogenesis. Hepatocytes with large droplet (Ld-MaS) or small droplet (Sd-MaS) macrovesicular steatosis may coexist in the human liver, but the factors associated with the predominance of one type over the other, including hepatic fibrogenic capacity, are unknown. In pre-ischemic liver biopsies from 225 consecutive liver transplant donors, we retrospectively counted hepatocytes with Ld-MaS and Sd-MaS and defined the predominant type of steatosis as involving ≥50% of steatotic hepatocytes. We analyzed a donor Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 polymorphism, hepatic expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism by RT-PCR, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation by α-SMA immunohistochemistry and, one year after transplantation, histological progression of fibrosis due to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) recurrence. Seventy-four livers had no steatosis, and there were 98 and 53 with predominant Ld-MaS and Sd-MaS, respectively. In linear regression models, adjusted for many donor variables, the percentage of steatotic hepatocytes affected by Ld-MaS was inversely associated with hepatic expression of Insulin Induced Gene 1 (INSIG-1) and Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 gene (NPC1L1) and directly with donor PNPLA3 variant M, HSC activation and progression of post-transplant fibrosis. In humans, Ld-MaS formation by hepatocytes is associated with abnormal PNPLA3-mediated lipolysis, downregulation of both the intracellular cholesterol sensor and cholesterol reabsorption from bile and increased hepatic fibrogenesis.

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Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Emerging Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Cited by 149 publications

References 151 publications

The Role of Resveratrol in Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review from In Vitro to Clinical Trials

The Role of Resveratrol in Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review from In Vitro to Clinical Trials

Review article: non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases: associations and treatment considerations

The Propensity of the Human Liver to Form Large Lipid Droplets Is Associated with PNPLA3 Polymorphism, Reduced INSIG1 and NPC1L1 Expression and Increased Fibrogenetic Capacity

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