Epidermal Permeability Barrier: Transformation of Lamellar Granule-Disks into Intercellular Sheets by a Membrane-Fusion Process, a Freeze-Fracture Study

Landmann, Lukas

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12695343

Cited by 177 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Lipid layers in the stratum corneum interstices were first visualized by freeze-fracture technology (Elias et al, 1977;Landmann, 1986). However, this method bypasses the more polar domains because of the preferential deviation of the fracture plane to the most hydrophobic surfaces (Hou et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

2005

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Despite widespread exposure to military jet fuels, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the actual toxic entities responsible for irritation observed after topical fuel exposure. The present studies with individual hydrocarbon (HC) constituents of JP-8 jet fuel shed light on this issue. To mimic occupational scenarios, JP-8, 8 aliphatic HC (nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane) and 6 aromatic HC (ethyl benzene, o-xylene, trimethyl benzene, cyclohexyl benzene, naphthalene, dimethyl naphthalene) soaked cotton fabrics were topically exposed to pigs for 1 day and with repeated daily exposures for 4 days. Erythema, epidermal thickness, and epidermal cell layers were quantitated. No erythema was noted in 1-day in vivo HC exposures but significant erythema was observed in 4-day tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8 exposed sites. The aromatic HCs did not produce any macroscopic lesions in 1 or 4 days of in vivo exposures. Morphological observations revealed slight intercellular and intracellular epidermal edema in 4-day exposures with the aliphatic HCs. Epidermal thickness and number of cell layers significantly increased ( p < 0.05) in tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8-treated sites. No significant differences were observed in the aromatic HC-exposed sites. Subcorneal microabscesses containing inflammatory cells were observed with most of the long-chain aliphatic HCs and JP-8 in 4-day exposures. Ultrastructural studies depicted that jet fuel HC-induced cleft formation within intercellular lipid lamellar bilayers of the stratum corneum. The degree of damage to the skin was proportional to the length of in vivo HC exposures. These data coupled with absorption and toxicity studies of jet fuel HC revealed that specific HCs (tridecane and tetradecane) might be the key constituents responsible for jet fuel-induced skin irritation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

2005

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“…The lamellar body lipids consist predominantly of acylated/glucosylated/hydroxylated ceramides, cholesterol and its acyl and sulfate esters, and free fatty acids (Schurer et al, 1991;Downing et al, 1993;Elias, 1996). In the upper granular layer the lamellar bodies are extruded into the intercellular space, forming broad multilamellar lipid sheets (Landmann, 1986). Ultrastructural examination of lamellar bodies as well as intercorneocyte lipids display a parallel pattern of electron dense and lucent bands (Madison et al, 1988;Swartzendruber et al, 1995).…”

Section: The Mortarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bricks and mortar of the epidermal barrier

Nemes

Steinert²

1999

Exp Mol Med

504

414

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“…These bilayers are formed by rearrangement and fusion of lamellar discs that are extruded into the intercellular regions from the uppermost cells of the stratum granulosum (Lavker, 1979). The permeability barrier in the stratum corneum is provided by these lipid bilayers and corneocytes (Elias & Friend, 1975;Elias et al, 1981;Wertz & Downing, 1982;Landmann, 1986). In the stratum corneum the main classes of lipids are ceramides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and cholesterol-3-sulphate (Gray et al, 1982;Wertz & Downing, 1983;Wertz et al, 1985;Melnik et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an optimal protocol for the ultrastructural examination of skin by transmission electron microscopy

Bergh

Swartzendruber

Geest

et al. 1997

Journal of Microscopy

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The intercellular lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum provide the permeability barrier of the skin. To perform an electron microscopical examination of the ultrastructure of these bilayers, ruthenium tetroxide fixation is required. In this study an optimal fixation protocol was developed and selected upon comparing seven different fixation procedures, using glutaraldehyde (GA) and the postfixatives ruthenium red, osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) in combination with potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6) and potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6). Instead of fixing skin with either OsO4 or RuO4, these two fixatives were combined in one protocol. In addition, the use of RuRed was introduced and the influence of both K4Fe(CN)6 and K3Fe(CN)6 in combination with RuO4 were examined. Furthermore, we compared two dehydration solvents, methanol and acetone. The most satisfying results were obtained when the skin was prefixed in GA and postfixed in OsO4 and RuO4 with K3Fe(CN)6, i.e. with Fe in its highest oxidation state (Fe3+). No differences were observed between dehydration in methanol and acetone.

show abstract

Epidermal Permeability Barrier: Transformation of Lamellar Granule-Disks into Intercellular Sheets by a Membrane-Fusion Process, a Freeze-Fracture Study

Cited by 177 publications

References 53 publications

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

Bricks and mortar of the epidermal barrier

Development of an optimal protocol for the ultrastructural examination of skin by transmission electron microscopy

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