Epigastric impedance: a non-invasive method for the assessment of gastric emptying and motility.

McClelland, G.R.; Sutton, J. A.

doi:10.1136/gut.26.6.607

Cited by 87 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although the impedance technique has been a simple, dynamic, noninvasive and inexpensive modality in measuring GE, some drawbacks prevent a generalized application compared with scintigraphy [4,5,7,8]. A low success rate is one of its distinct weak points.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using electrical impedance between tissues to measure GE looks to be a candidate for an ideal test. However, most GE measuring modalities do not require an acid inhibitor to suppress acid secretion before the test, except the impedance technique [4][5][6][7]. It has been suggested that the already-existing acid in the stomach increases tissue conductivity, which in turn diminishes impedance; thus, the obtained GE from this measure is incorrect [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Pharmacological Effect of Omeprazole on Water Gastric Emptying: A Study Based on an Impedance Measure

Chang

Chen

et al. 2001

Pharmacology

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The present study was performed to validate the accuracy of a self-designed applied-potential tomograph (APT) in measuring the cross area of a studied object and to assess the effect of omeprazole premedication on water gastric emptying (GE), based on APT. Twelve electrodes were evenly placed in a circular array around the studied subjects. Ten electrodes in a rotated order recorded the electrical current injected into paired electrodes. Based on tomography, averaged signals of changed resistivity were constructed to display the area of interest and GE curve. Six beakers of various diameters were respectively placed into a cylindrical perspex tank which was filled with saline to measure their cross areas via computer-generated diagrams of APT. One hour after either omeprazole (20 mg) or placebo premedication, 15 healthy males were ordered to consume 500 ml of test water to assess emptying for 40 min. Within 3 days, a similar procedure was repeated using the counterpart premedication. The true cross areas of the 6 beakers are 2.01, 15.9, 18.8, 30.19, 38.48 and 63.61 cm², whereas those obtained by APT were 7.9 ± 2.9, 16.7 ± 3.3, 22.4 ± 4.9, 28 ± 4.8, 48.7 ± 7.6 and 67 ± 6.1 cm², respectively (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). Valid emptying data were obtained in 73.3 and 86.6% of subjects, following placebo and omeprazole, respectively (not significant). The half emptying times were 12.7 ± 5.1 min for the placebo-treated group and 10.5 ± 3.6 min for the omeprazole-treated group, respectively (p < 0.05). The areas under the emptying curve were 1,611.5 ± 357.6 and 1,317.3 ± 316.7 arbitrary units, respectively (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our APT system is accurate for large-area measurements; acid inhibition before APT measurement does not increase the success rate but enhances water emptying. The interpretation of impedance-obtained GE should consider the acid-inhibitory effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pharmacological Effect of Omeprazole on Water Gastric Emptying: A Study Based on an Impedance Measure

Chang

Chen

et al. 2001

Pharmacology

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“…The effects of these two compounds on stomach emptying and contractility were assessed using the novel method of epigastric impedance. This is a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive method which has been developed to assess drug effects in normal volunteers (McClelland & Sutton, 1985a). When compared simultaneously with scintigraphy it produced comparable results to this established method (Sutton et al, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When compared simultaneously with scintigraphy it produced comparable results to this established method (Sutton et al, 1984). Epigastric impedance has proved capable of detecting more rapid gastric emptying after both intravenous (Sutton & McClelland, 1983) and oral (McClelland & Sutton, 1985b) The epigastric impedance method has been described previously (McClelland & Sutton, 1985a). Thirty minutes before dosing silver/silver chloride electrodes were placed on the abdomen, one at a point one third of the distance from xiphisternum to umbilicus, another a further one third below and one third to the left.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of the gastric and central nervous system effects of two substituted benzamides in normal volunteers.

McClelland¹,

Sutton²

1986

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 Eight healthy male volunteers participated in a single-blind, random allocation, crossover, comparison of intravenous metoclopramide (10 mg), the peripherally acting, gastrointestinal stimulant BRL 20627 (10 mg) and saline. 2 The central nervous system effects were assessed by quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) and by visual analogue scales. Gastric motility and emptying were assessed by epigastric impedance.3 Metoclopramide increased the EEG amplitude by 10.4% (a statistically significant, P < 0.05, effect) and increased frequencies above 22 Hz, whereas both BRL 20627 and placebo had only minor effect on the EEG frequencies and slightly decreased the EEG amplitude. Ratings on visual analogue scales showed that metoclopramide caused statistically significant (P < 0.01 difference from placebo) restlessness and slight but significantly less (P < 0.05 difference from placebo) feeling of happiness. 4 Epigastic impedance changes indicated that both metoclopramide and BRL 20627 increased gastric contractile activity, but the rate of gastric emptying was not significantly altered by either drug although it tended to be shortened following metoclopramide but not BRL 20627 treatment. 5 It is concluded that since the published animal data show that BRL 20627 has only weak dopamine antagonistic properties this study further implicates dopamine receptor blockade in the akathisia but not in the gastric effect of metoclopramide.

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“…Various other methods have also demonstrated the variation in gastric emptying in humans under normal gravity conditions. Such methods include gastric aspiration (Maughan, Leiper, 1996), ultrasound (Holt et al, 1985;Dietrich, Braden, 2009), epigastric impedance (McClelland, Sutton, 1985), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques (Maughan, Leiper, 1996;Christmann et al, 1997), [ 13 C]-octanoic acid breath test (Ghoos et al, 1993) and Pellet Gastric Emptying Test (PGET) (Choe et al, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Floating microspheres: a review

Mukund

Kantilal

Sudhakar

2012

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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Gastric emptying is a complex process, one that is highly variable and that makes in vivo performance of drug delivery systems uncertain. A controlled drug delivery system with prolonged residence time in the stomach can be of great practical importance for drugs with an absorption window in the upper small intestine. The main limitations are attributed to the inter-and intra-subject variability of gastrointestinal (GI) transit time and to the non-uniformity of drug absorption throughout the alimentary canal. Floating or hydrodynamically controlled drug delivery systems are useful in such applications. Various gastroretentive dosage forms are available, including tablets, capsules, pills, laminated films, floating microspheres, granules and powders. Floating microspheres have been gaining attention due to the uniform distribution of these multiple-unit dosage forms in the stomach, which results in more reproducible drug absorption and reduced risk of local irritation. Such systems have more advantages over the single-unit dosage forms. The present review briefly addresses the physiology of the gastric emptying process with respect to floating drug delivery systems. The purpose of this review is to bring together the recent literature with respect to the method of preparation, and various parameters affecting the performance and characterization of floating microspheres.Uniterms: Floating microspheres. Emulsion solvent diffusion-evaporation method. Drug delivery system. Release modifiers.O esvaziamento gástrico é um processo complexo, com elevada variabilidade e responsável pela incerteza do desempenho dos medicamentos in vivo. Dessa forma, os sistemas de liberação modificada de fármacos, com tempo de residência prolongado no estômago, em especial, considerando aqueles fármacos com janela de absorção na porção superior do intestino delgado, apresentam fundamental importância. As principais limitações relativas à absorção do fármaco são, no geral, atribuídas à variabilidade inter e intra-paciente do tempo de trânsito gastro-intestinal (GI) e da não-uniformidade da absorção do fármaco na extensão do canal alimentar. Assim, justifica-se a utilização dos sistemas flutuantes ou hidrodinâmicos de liberação de fármacos. Vários medicamentos gastrorretentivos estão disponibilizados no mercado e incluem comprimidos, cápsulas, pílulas, filmes laminados, microesferas flutuantes, grânulos e pós. As microesferas flutuantes apresentam maior destaque em função da distribuição granulométrica uniforme dessas formulações de dose múltipla. Como resultado, a absorção do fármaco apresenta maior reprodutibilidade e os riscos associados à irritação local são reduzidos. Tais sistemas apresentam maior vantagem quando comparado às formulações de dose única. A presente revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as publicações recentes referentes aos métodos de preparação, os vários parâmetros que afetam o desempenho e a caracterização das microesferas flutuantes. Além disso, o presente trabalho aborda a fisiologia do processo de esvaziamento gást...

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Epigastric impedance: a non-invasive method for the assessment of gastric emptying and motility.

Cited by 87 publications

References 10 publications

The Pharmacological Effect of Omeprazole on Water Gastric Emptying: A Study Based on an Impedance Measure

The Pharmacological Effect of Omeprazole on Water Gastric Emptying: A Study Based on an Impedance Measure

A comparison of the gastric and central nervous system effects of two substituted benzamides in normal volunteers.

Floating microspheres: a review

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