“…Secondly, personalized precision therapies tailored to individual genetic profiles emerge as imperative for effective intervention. Accumulating evidence supports a role for epigenetics (DNA methylation; Histone acetylation; Histone methylation) in the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence to many drugs of abuse [ 139 , 140 ]. As more powerful sequence detection tools are developed, including analysis of common, low-frequency, and rare variants, as well as incorporating or complementing familial and environmental risk factors, this will provide even better risk stratification, unlocking the full potential of personalized treatment.…”