Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression Induced by Butyrate in Colorectal Cancer: Involvement of MicroRNA

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer mortality globally. Development of CRC is closely associated with lifestyle, and diet may modulate risk. A Western-style diet is characterised by a high intake of red meat but low consumption of fruit, vegetables, and whole cereals. Such a diet is associated with CRC risks. It has been demonstrated that butyrate, produced by the fermentation of dietary plant fibre, can alter both genetic and epigenetic expressions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are commonly present in both normal and tumour cells. Aberrant miRNA expression is associated with CRC initiation, progression, and metastasis. In addition, butyrate can modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and miRNA expression in CRC. In this review, the effects of butyrate on modulating miRNA expression in CRC will be discussed. Furthermore, evidence on the effect of butyrate on CRC risk through reducing oncogenic miRNA expression will be presented.

Interactions between the MicroRNAs and Microbiota in Cancer Development: Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities

“…In fact, Butyrate has the ability to inhibit histone deacetylation (HDAC) action and thus reduce DNA injury and the action of oncogenes [65,66]. HDAC inhibitors are becoming well-known drugs for cancer treatment [67] and were initially isolated from microorganisms and continue to be developed from microbial metabolites [68].…”

A gut butyrate‑producing bacterium <em>Butyricicoccus&nbsp;pullicaecorum</em> regulates short‑chain fatty acid transporter and receptor to reduce the progression of 1,2‑dimethylhydrazine‑associated colorectal cancer

“…Furthermore, gut dysbiosis is associated A gut butyrate-producing bacterium Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum regulates short-chain fatty acid transporter and receptor to reduce the progression of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-associated colorectal cancer with the development and progression of CRC through DNA damage, activation of oncogenic signaling pathways, production of tumor-promoting metabolites and suppression of antitumor immunity (1). Gut microbes affect gene expression in colonic cells and may alter the progression of CRC (16)(17)(18). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are derived from microbial metabolism in the gut, serve multiple roles in host homeostasis (19).…”

MicroRNA‑466 inhibits the aggressive behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting metadherin

“…To date, more than 2,000 miRNAs have been verified in the human genome which may modulate the expression of approximately 30% of all the protein-coding genes (9). The deregulation of miRNA expression has been validated in almost all human cancer types and was demonstrated to be closely related with carcinogenesis and cancer progression (10)(11)(12). Numerous miRNAs are downregulated or upregulated in HCC, such as miR-21 (13), miR-493 (14), miR-873 (15) and miR-3662 (16).…”