Epigenetics and Immunometabolism in Diabetes and Aging

Abstract

Significance: A strong relationship between hyperglycemia, impaired insulin pathway, and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Immunometabolic pathways link these pathogenic processes and pose important potential therapeutic targets.Recent Advances: The link between immunity and metabolism is bidirectional and includes the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as T2D, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension and the role of metabolic factors in regulation of immune cell functions. Low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, balance between superoxide and nitric oxide, and the infiltration of macrophages, T cells, and B cells in insulin-sensitive tissues lead to metabolic impairment and accelerated aging.Critical Issues: Inflammatory infiltrate and altered immune cell phenotype precede development of metabolic disorders. Inflammatory changes are tightly linked to alterations in metabolic status and energy expenditure and are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms.Future Directions: A better comprehension of these mechanistic insights is of utmost importance to identify novel molecular targets. In this study, we describe a complex scenario of epigenetic changes and immunometabolism linking to diabetes and aging-associated vascular disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 257–274.

Blood Type Diets (BTD) and Aging: An Overview

“…While over nutrition is known to drive chronic metabolic inflammation, also dysbiosis with the increased release of inflammatory products contribute to inflamm-aging [25]. Ultimately, chronic low-grade inflammation and immune response lead to accelerated aging processes [170]. This glycan interaction explanation for immune and inflammatory processes is not meant to substitute the previously confirmed ABO-food interaction (food lectins binding to human glycoconjugates) but to be supplementary to it.…”

Immunometabolism features of metabolic deregulation and cancer

“…In addition an intriguing view is presented by Paula Neto et al that food additives, which normally are considered harmless, can affect immune system cells that in turn modulates metabolic deregulations like obesity and diabetes. This notion is strengthened by the view that both immune disorders and abnormal metabolic states affect each other in bidirectional way, and more often than not immune activation leads to metabolically abnormal state which may be controlled by epigenetic mechanisms …”

“…This notion is strengthened by the view that both immune disorders and abnormal metabolic states affect each other in bidirectional way, and more often than not immune activation leads to metabolically abnormal state which may be controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. 12 Key evidence regarding the metabolic alteration within immune system and its implication on lipid metabolism is provided by Shubham et al recently. Study revealed that arachidonic acid, sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways were upregulated in visceral adipose tissues (VAT) of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and this phenomenon coexisted with pro-inflammatory bias in these patients.…”

Endothelial homeostasis associated genes polymorphism and cardiometabolic risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…EDNRA обладает высокой аффинностью к EDN1 и EDN2, но слабо связывается с EDN3, тогда как EDNRB демонстрирует схожую аффинность ко всем лигандам [4]. Активация EDNRA и EDNRB опосредует многие важные эффекты эндотелинов, включая вазоконстрикцию, ремоделирование сосудов, прооксидантный и провоспалительный эффекты, пролиферацию и дифференцировку клеток [5]. Кроме того, эндотелины стимулируют секреторную активность клеток фибробластического ряда, повышают продукцию и накопление коллагена, регулируют продукцию адипокинов и липолиз в белых адипоцитах, модулируют чувствительность клеток к инсулину [8].…”