Epigenetics with special reference to the human X chromosome inactivation and the enigma of Drosophila DNA methylation

Deobagkar, Deepti D.

doi:10.1007/s12041-018-0937-5

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Importantly, this molecular response depends upon a persistent epigenetic change, reduced methylation of the FKBP5 gene, which encodes FKB51. While epigenetic regulation has been implicated in allodynia-like alterations in Aplysia [37], different roles of methylation in this example compared with known examples in mammalian chronic pain models [36], as well as differences in DNA methylation in Drosophila compared with mammals [38], raise questions about how conserved the epigenetic mechanisms important for persistent pain-like alterations are across different phyla.…”

Section: Evolution Of Mechanisms Important For Nociception and Painmentioning

confidence: 92%

Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain

Walters

Williams

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Our understanding of the biology of pain is limited by our ignorance about its evolution. We know little about how states in other species showing various degrees of apparent similarity to human pain states are related to human pain, or how the mechanisms essential for pain-related states evolved. Nevertheless, insights into the evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain are beginning to emerge from wide-ranging investigations of cellular mechanisms and behavioural responses linked to nociceptor activation, tissue injury, inflammation and the environmental context of these responses in diverse species. In February 2019, an unprecedented meeting on the evolution of pain hosted by the Royal Society brought together scientists from disparate fields who investigate nociception and pain-related behaviour in crustaceans, insects, leeches, gastropod and cephalopod molluscs, fish and mammals (primarily rodents and humans). Here, we identify evolutionary themes that connect these research efforts, including adaptive and maladaptive features of pain-related behavioural and neuronal alterations—some of which are quite general, and some that may apply primarily to humans. We also highlight major questions, including how pain should be defined, that need to be answered as we seek to understand the evolution of pain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain’.

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Section: Evolution Of Mechanisms Important For Nociception and Painmentioning

confidence: 92%

Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain

Walters

Williams

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Many of the pathways discussed here and others (e.g., growth factor-regulated pathways) implicated in nociceptive sensitization across major phyla are also important both for pain and for learning and memory ( Walters and Moroz, 2009 ; Rahn et al, 2013 ; Géranton and Tochiki, 2015 ; Price and Inyang, 2015 ), although some features of epigenetic mechanisms in Drosophila have been noted to differ from mammals (and implicitly from molluscs) ( Deobagkar, 2018 ). Widely shared molecular contributors to neural plasticity might represent conservation of fundamental mechanisms that originally were selected for adaptive responses to bodily injury (including nociceptive sensitization) and were later co-opted for learning and memory ( Walters, 1991 ; Walters and Moroz, 2009 ; Price and Dussor, 2014 ).…”

Section: Implications For the Evolution Of Functions And Mechanisms Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Nociceptive Biology of Molluscs and Arthropods: Evolutionary Clues About Functions and Mechanisms Potentially Related to Pain

Walters

2018

Front. Physiol.

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Important insights into the selection pressures and core molecular modules contributing to the evolution of pain-related processes have come from studies of nociceptive systems in several molluscan and arthropod species. These phyla, and the chordates that include humans, last shared a common ancestor approximately 550 million years ago. Since then, animals in these phyla have continued to be subject to traumatic injury, often from predators, which has led to similar adaptive behaviors (e.g., withdrawal, escape, recuperative behavior) and physiological responses to injury in each group. Comparisons across these taxa provide clues about the contributions of convergent evolution and of conservation of ancient adaptive mechanisms to general nociceptive and pain-related functions. Primary nociceptors have been investigated extensively in a few molluscan and arthropod species, with studies of long-lasting nociceptive sensitization in the gastropod, Aplysia, and the insect, Drosophila, being especially fruitful. In Aplysia, nociceptive sensitization has been investigated as a model for aversive memory and for hyperalgesia. Neuromodulator-induced, activity-dependent, and axotomy-induced plasticity mechanisms have been defined in synapses, cell bodies, and axons of Aplysia primary nociceptors. Studies of nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila larvae have revealed numerous molecular contributors in primary nociceptors and interacting cells. Interestingly, molecular contributors examined thus far in Aplysia and Drosophila are largely different, but both sets overlap extensively with those in mammalian pain-related pathways. In contrast to results from Aplysia and Drosophila, nociceptive sensitization examined in moth larvae (Manduca) disclosed central hyperactivity but no obvious peripheral sensitization of nociceptive responses. Squid (Doryteuthis) show injury-induced sensitization manifested as behavioral hypersensitivity to tactile and especially visual stimuli, and as hypersensitivity and spontaneous activity in nociceptor terminals. Temporary blockade of nociceptor activity during injury subsequently increased mortality when injured squid were exposed to fish predators, providing the first demonstration in any animal of the adaptiveness of nociceptive sensitization. Immediate responses to noxious stimulation and nociceptive sensitization have also been examined behaviorally and physiologically in a snail (Helix), octopus (Adopus), crayfish (Astacus), hermit crab (Pagurus), and shore crab (Hemigrapsus). Molluscs and arthropods have systems that suppress nociceptive responses, but whether opioid systems play antinociceptive roles in these phyla is uncertain.

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“…DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications are the most wellstudied among these mechanisms (Smallwood and Kelsey, 2012;Paredes et al, 2016). Not all insects possess appreciable levels of DNA methylation (Deobagkar, 2018;Deshmukh et al, 2018), but some, including many social insects, do (Li-Byarlay, 2016;Yagound et al, 2020). Some studies show that developmental experience-induced changes in DNA methylation impact adult behavioral phenotypes (Linksvayer et al, 2012;Patalano et al, 2012;Weiner and Toth, 2012;Yan et al, 2014;Alvarado et al, 2015).…”

Section: Homology Of Function In Neural Mechanisms That Encode Develomentioning

confidence: 99%

Insects Provide Unique Systems to Investigate How Early-Life Experience Alters the Brain and Behavior

Westwick

Rittschof

2021

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Early-life experiences have strong and long-lasting consequences for behavior in a surprising diversity of animals. Determining which environmental inputs cause behavioral change, how this information becomes neurobiologically encoded, and the functional consequences of these changes remain fundamental puzzles relevant to diverse fields from evolutionary biology to the health sciences. Here we explore how insects provide unique opportunities for comparative study of developmental behavioral plasticity. Insects have sophisticated behavior and cognitive abilities, and they are frequently studied in their natural environments, which provides an ecological and adaptive perspective that is often more limited in lab-based vertebrate models. A range of cues, from relatively simple cues like temperature to complex social information, influence insect behavior. This variety provides experimentally tractable opportunities to study diverse neural plasticity mechanisms. Insects also have a wide range of neurodevelopmental trajectories while sharing many developmental plasticity mechanisms with vertebrates. In addition, some insects retain only subsets of their juvenile neuronal population in adulthood, narrowing the targets for detailed study of cellular plasticity mechanisms. Insects and vertebrates share many of the same knowledge gaps pertaining to developmental behavioral plasticity. Combined with the extensive study of insect behavior under natural conditions and their experimental tractability, insect systems may be uniquely qualified to address some of the biggest unanswered questions in this field.

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Epigenetics with special reference to the human X chromosome inactivation and the enigma of Drosophila DNA methylation

Cited by 6 publications

References 88 publications

Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain

Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain

Nociceptive Biology of Molluscs and Arthropods: Evolutionary Clues About Functions and Mechanisms Potentially Related to Pain

Insects Provide Unique Systems to Investigate How Early-Life Experience Alters the Brain and Behavior

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