Epilepsy

Chang, Bernard S.; Lowenstein, Daniel H.

doi:10.1056/nejmra022308

Cited by 748 publications

(371 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Seizure activity is often accompanied by neuronal cell death in human patients and animal models (Chang and Lowenstein, 2003;Henshall and Simon, 2005). To determine whether activation of NR2A-or NR2B-containing NMDARs are involved in SE-induced cell death, we examined the cell death in the hippocampus from rats 24 h after pilocarpine-induced SE.…”

Section: Effects Of Nr2a and Nr2b Antagonists On Se-induced Neuronal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Roles of NR2A- and NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in Activity-Dependent Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Regulation and Limbic Epileptogenesis

Qian

He²,

Hu³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

144

103

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Fleeting activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) induces long-term modification of synaptic connections and refinement of neuronal circuits, which may underlie learning and memory and contribute to pathogenesis of a diversity of neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Here, we found that NR2A and NR2B subunit-containing NMDARs were coupled to distinct intracellular signaling, resulting in differential BDNF expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. Selective activation of NR2A-containing NMDARs increased BDNF gene expression. Activation of NR2B-containing NMDARs led to ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, selectively blocking NR2A-containing NMDARs impaired epileptogenesis and the development of mossy fiber sprouting in the kindling and pilocarpine rat models of limbic epilepsy, whereas inhibiting NR2B-containing NMDARs had no effects in epileptogenesis and mossy fiber sprouting. Interestingly, blocking either NR2A- or NR2B-containing NMDARs decreased status epilepticus-induced neuronal cell death. The specific requirement of NR2A and its downstream signaling for epileptogenesis implicates attractive new targets for the development of drugs that prevent epilepsy in patients with brain injury.

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Section: Effects Of Nr2a and Nr2b Antagonists On Se-induced Neuronal mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Roles of NR2A- and NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in Activity-Dependent Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Regulation and Limbic Epileptogenesis

Qian

He²,

Hu³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

144

103

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“…Previous studies from our lab showed that Bacopa monnieri treatment to epileptic rats reduced the number of seizures per hour which is suggestive of its anticonvulsant property [35]. GAD plays a very important role in maintaining excitatory inhibitory balance of the central nervous system [36]. Analysis of GAD activity was used as a marker of over all GABAergic activity and was found to be lower in epileptic mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased GABA receptor in the cerebral cortex of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A

et al. 2012

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AbstactBackgroundGamma amino butyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex, maintains the inhibitory tones that counter balances neuronal excitation. When this balance is perturbed, seizures may ensue.MethodsIn the present study, alterations of the general GABA, GABAA and GABAB receptors in the cerebral cortex of the epileptic rat and the therapeutic application of Bacopa monnieri were investigated.ResultsScatchard analysis of [3H]GABA, [3H]bicuculline and [3H]baclofen in the cerebral cortex of the epileptic rat showed significant decrease in Bmax (P < 0.001) compared to control. Real Time PCR amplification of GABA receptor subunits such as GABAAά1, GABAAγ, GABAAδ, GABAB and GAD where down regulated (P < 0.001) in epileptic rats. GABAAά5 subunit and Cyclic AMP responsible element binding protein were up regulated. Confocal imaging study confirmed the decreased GABA receptors in epileptic rats. Epileptic rats have deficit in radial arm and Y maze performance.ConclusionsBacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A treatment reverses epilepsy associated changes to near control suggesting that decreased GABA receptors in the cerebral cortex have an important role in epileptic occurrence; Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A have therapeutic application in epilepsy management.

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“…Epilepsy is the commonest serious neurological disorder 1 . Approximately, 3 percent of persons in the general population will have epilepsy at some point in their lives 1 .…”

Section: Sudden Unexpected Death In Epilepsy: General Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?: Eat more fish! A group hypothesis

Cysneiros

Machado

Arida

et al. 2009

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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-Epilepsy is the commonest serious neurological disorder and individuals with epilepsy are at higher risk of death than the general population and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. Potential pathomechanisms for SUDEP are unknown, but it is very probable that cardiac arrhythmias during and between seizures play a potential role. The ultimate goal of SUDEP research is to develop methods to prevent it and nutritional aspects such as omega-3 fatty acid deficiency may have an interesting role in this scenario. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and are important for treating or preventing some neurological diseases, including epilepsy. A dietary modification or nutritional supplements increasing the ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids may help to ''save the brain".KEY WORDS: epilepsy, sudden death, omega-3. Epilepsia e morte súbita? Coma mais peixe! A hipótese de um grupoResumo -A epilepsia é uma das doenças neurológicas sérias mais comuns e está associada a um maior risco de morte do que o observado na população geral e a morte súbita em epilepsia é uma importante causa de morte relacionada à epilepsia. Os potenciais patomecanismos da morte súbita em epilepsia são desconhecidos, mas é bastante provável que arritmias cardíacas durante ou entre as crises tenham um papel preponderante. O objetivo final das pesquisas em morte súbita em epilepsia é o desenvolvimento de métodos que levem à sua prevenção e aspectos nutricionais, como a deficiência de ômega-3 pode ter um papel interessante neste contexto. A suplementação com ômega-3 reduz o risco de mortalidade de origem cardiovascular e é importante no tratamento e prevenção de algumas doenças neurológicas, incluindo a epilepsia. A modificação dietética ou a suplementação nutricional aumentando a ingesta de ômega-3 pode ajudar a "salvar o cérebro".

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Epilepsy

Cited by 748 publications

References 83 publications

Differential Roles of NR2A- and NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in Activity-Dependent Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Regulation and Limbic Epileptogenesis

Differential Roles of NR2A- and NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in Activity-Dependent Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Regulation and Limbic Epileptogenesis

Decreased GABA receptor in the cerebral cortex of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A

Epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?: Eat more fish! A group hypothesis

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