Epilepsy: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment options

Lawal, Muili; Omobayo, Hameedat; Lawal, Kudirat

doi:10.12968/bjnn.2018.14.2.58

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This tool was based on current clinical evidence. 19,20 The 10 multiple-choice knowledge questions were related to seizure pathophysiology, seizure etiology, focal seizure with impaired awareness, VEEG safety, VEEG purpose, epilepsy classification, generalized versus focal seizure, consciousness assessment, language assessment, Time to testing after seizure alarm improved from 30.5 to 14 seconds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a New Clinical Testing Tool to Assess Patients During Ictal and Postictal Periods

Ouchida

Nikpour

Senturias

et al. 2022

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing

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BACKGROUND: A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance of the cortical neurons in the brain, which can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and consciousness. Clinical signs and symptoms before, during, and after a seizure can help to determine the seizure onset. The use of standardized clinical testing tools has been reported as being valuable, although also challenging, by some institutions. This study investigated the effectiveness of implementing a new clinical testing tool designed with an emphasis on simplicity for use during and after seizures. METHODS: A pre-and-post evaluation study was conducted from January 2020 to November 2020 in the epilepsy monitoring unit/neurology unit at a hospital in Sydney, Australia. The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of clinical testing during seizures. The secondary outcome of interest was nurse knowledge about clinical testing during a seizure. This knowledge was measured via testing before and after clinical education sessions. The third outcome of interest was nurse confidence regarding the use of the clinical testing tool. The confidence level was measured via posteducation session follow-up surveying. RESULTS: Forty-seven nursing staff (10 neurophysiology nurse technologists and 37 neurology unit nurses) participated in the education program. Forty-four seizures were evaluated. Clinical testing during ictal and postictal periods was performed by nursing staff 82% of the time during 2020, compared with 67% during the 2018 to 2019 preeducation comparison period. This difference was not statistically significant, but it was clinically relevant (P = .07). In addition, the time from seizure alarm to clinical testing improved significantly from a median of 30.5 seconds in 2018 to 2019 to 14 seconds in 2020 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The tool is easy and convenient for nursing staff to perform clinical examinations accurately during ictal and postictal periods.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a New Clinical Testing Tool to Assess Patients During Ictal and Postictal Periods

Ouchida

Nikpour

Senturias

et al. 2022

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing

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“…The brain is responsible to control the activity of neurons, nerve cells which specially designed to channel electrical impulses around the central and peripheral nervous systems [ 35 ]. A seizure developed when an abnormal synchronous firing of neurons in some parts of the brain occurs [ 36 ].…”

Section: The Pathophysiology Of Epilepsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-high mobility group box protein 1 monoclonal antibody downregulating P-glycoprotein as novel epilepsy therapeutics

Liyis

Tandy

Endira

et al. 2022

Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg

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Epilepsy, a neurological illness, is characterized by recurrent uncontrolled seizures. There are many treatments of options that can be used as the therapy of epilepsy. However, anti-seizure medications as the primary treatment choice for epilepsy show many possible adverse effects and even pharmacoresistance to the therapy. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) as an initiator and amplifier of the neuroinflammation is responsible for the onset and progression of epilepsy by overexpressing P-glycoprotein on the blood brain barrier. HMGB1 proteins then activate TLR4 in neurons and astrocytes, in which proinflammatory cytokines are produced. Anti-HMGB1 mAb works by blocking the HMGB1, reducing inflammatory activity in the brain that may affect epileptogenesis. Through the process, anti-HMGB1 mAb reduces the TLR4 activity and other receptors that may involve in promote signal of epilepsy such as RAGE. Several studies have shown that anti-HMGB1 has the potential to inhibit the increase in serum HMGB1 in plasma and brain tissue. Further research is needed to identify the mechanism of the inhibiting of overexpression of P-glycoprotein through anti-HMGB1 mAb.

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“…Approximately 50 million individuals worldwide sufer from epilepsy, which is a serious global health issue. It is one of the most widespread chronic neurological conditions in the world and, in some regions, has detrimental physical, fnancial, and discriminatory effects [2]. After a stroke and Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy is the third most frequent neurological condition [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genetic epilepsy results from a genetic predisposition of the brain to produce seizures, while acquired epilepsy is due to acute insult or a lesion that alters the cellular, molecular, and physiological properties that give origin to seizures [4]. It has been suggested that altered neuronal membrane permeability, decreased inhibitory neuronal regulation, or neurotransmitter imbalance may be the probable initiators of seizures, though the precise cellular efect is not fully clear [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Anticonvulsant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Ficus benjamina L. Figs in Experimentally Induced Convulsions

Singh

Khalid

Batra

et al. 2023

Journal of Chemistry

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Background. Ficus benjamina L. is an evergreen tree, native to Southeast Asia, and often known as a weeping fig. Its latex and fruit extracts are used by indigenous cultures to cure skin conditions, inflammation, vomiting, leprosy, malaria, and nasal ailments. The aqueous extract of the figs of Ficus benjamina L. has various therapeutic values, including biological activities on the central nervous system. Materials and Methods. The extract of the dried figs of Ficus benjamina L. (FBE) was prepared by defatting with petroleum ether for 16 h followed by soxhelation with 70% methanol (1 : 10 w/v) for 24 h, and standardization of the extract was carried out using HPLC with 5-HT as a standard. Electroconvulsions were induced by the maximal electroshock model, and chemoconvulsions were induced by picrotoxin. Results. The HPLC chromatogram of the Ficus benjamina L. extract showed an absorption peak with a retention time of 1.797 min, similar to that observed with standard serotonin (5-HT) solution. In the maximal electroshock model, FBE significantly reduced the duration of the tonic hind limb extensor and extensor-to-flexor ratio (E/F ratio) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, in the picrotoxin-induced seizure model, FBE increased the seizure latency and decreased the duration of tonic-clonic convulsions dose-dependently. We confirmed the anticonvulsant activity of the FBE extract as it attenuated both maximal electroshock and picrotoxin-induced convulsions. Conclusion. The in vivo studies revealed that the Ficus extract was found to protect the animals in electroshock-induced and picrotoxin-induced convulsions.

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Epilepsy: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment options

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Implementation of a New Clinical Testing Tool to Assess Patients During Ictal and Postictal Periods

Implementation of a New Clinical Testing Tool to Assess Patients During Ictal and Postictal Periods

Anti-high mobility group box protein 1 monoclonal antibody downregulating P-glycoprotein as novel epilepsy therapeutics

Exploring the Anticonvulsant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Ficus benjamina L. Figs in Experimentally Induced Convulsions

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