Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Responses in Continuously Collected Human Plasma to a Series of Stressors

Ward, Marcia M.; Mefford, Ivan N.; Parker, Stanley D.; Chesney, Margaret A.; Taylor, Barr C.; Keegan, David L.; Barchas, Jack D.

doi:10.1097/00006842-198312000-00002

Cited by 187 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Instead, they consist of relatively inconsistent, brief and seemingly uncoordinated changes. The elegant analyses by Ward et al (20) of individual subjects' variable catecholamine responses to a variety of stimuli point to the same conclusion. The concept of "stress" as a consistent pattern of response to a variety of stressors needs to be considered in the light of these findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Subjective anxiety was measured with two widely used scales. Plasma epinephrine (19)(20)(21)(22), norepinephrine (19)(20)(21)(22), growth hormone (12,23), and cortisol (13,24) were measured because they also are known to increase during stress. This protocol allows study of the intensity, timing, and coordination of their responses to acute psychologic stress under strictly controlled experimental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endocrine and cardiovascular responses during phobic anxiety.

Nesse

Curtis²,

Thyer³

et al. 1985

Psychosomatic Medicine

169

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In vivo exposure therapy for phobias is uniquely suited for controlled studies of endocrine and physiologic responses during psychologic stress. In this study, exposure therapy induced significant increases in subjective anxiety, pulse, blood pressure, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone, but did not change plasma glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide. Although the subjective and behavioral manifestations of anxiety were consistent and intense, the magnitude, consistency, timing, and concordance of endocrine and cardiovascular responses showed considerable variation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine and cardiovascular responses during phobic anxiety.

Nesse

Curtis²,

Thyer³

et al. 1985

Psychosomatic Medicine

169

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Possible mechanisms include reduced sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow to forearm skeletal muscle, 2223 activation of a sympathetic neurogenic vasodilator pathway, increased /3-adrenergic receptor sensitivity or density, increased adrenomedullary epinephrine secretion, 24 or decreased neurotransmitter metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced forearm blood flow during mental stress in children of hypertensive parents.

et al. 1987

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SUMMARY This study compared changes in forearm blood flow, forearm vascular resistance, blood pressure, and heart rate elicited by mental stress (mental arithmetic) in 12 adolescents with a hypertensive parent and 13 age-matched adolescents with normotensive parents. The two groups did not differ in resting forearm blood flow, forearm vascular resistance, heart rate, or blood pressure. During mental stress, children with a family history of hypertension had a significantly greater increase in forearm blood flow than did children of normotensive parents (+ 37.5 ± 8.0 vs +12.8 ± 7.5%; p<0.05) and a trend toward reduced forearm vascular resistance (p = 0.08). Mental stress significantly increased systolic blood pressure ( p < 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure ( p < 0.001), and heart rate (p<0.03) in both groups. The blood pressure and heart rate responses to stress were not significantly different between groups. There was no evidence of a prolonged response or a different pattern of recovery in children with a family history of hypertension. This study indicates that regional blood flow responses underlying similar blood pressure increases during mental stress may be different in adolescents with and without a family history of hypertension. (Hypertension 10: 544-549, 1987) KEY WORDS • hypertension • stress • forearm blood flow • genetic risk • adolescents P SYCHOLOGICAL stress has long been thought to play a role in the development of hypertension. 1 Exposure to such stressors as overcrowding, 2 shock avoidance tasks, 3 and conditioned fear stimuli 4 have been shown to be related to the onset of hypertension in animals. In humans, stressful employment, 5 living conditions, 6 war, 7 and natural disasters 8 have been associated with elevated blood pressure. Laboratory studies have shown that performing difficult mental tasks can elicit transitory elevations in blood pressure and heart rate.9 "" These increases are part of an integrated pattern of hemodynamic changes

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“…(There are exceptions, such as high adrenalin levels in aerobic activity; Frankenhaeuser, 1979;Ward et al, 1983. ) 10 There are several possible avenues for such brain-body catecholamine correspondences.…”

Section: Arousal and Coping: Physiological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health.

Dienstbier

1989

Psychological Review

801

585

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From W. B. Cannon's identification of adrenaline with "ftght or flight" to modern views of stress, negative views of peripheral physiological arousal predominate. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) arousal is associated with anxiety, neuroticism, the Type A personality, cardiovascular disease, and immune system suppression; illness susceptibility is associated with life events requiring adjustments. "Stress control" has become almost synonymous with arousal reduction. A contrary positive view of peripheral arousal follows from studies of subjects exposed to intermittent stressors. Such exposure leads to low SNS arousal base rates, but to strong and responsive challenge-or stressinduced SNS-adrenal-medullary arousal, with resistance to brain catecholamine depletion and with suppression of pituitary adrenal-cortical responses. That pattern of arousal defines physiological toughness and, in interaction with psychological coping, corresponds with positive performance in even complex tasks, with emotional stability, and with immune system enhancement. The toughness concept suggests an opposition between effective short-and long-term coping, with implications for effective therapies and stress-inoculating life-styles.Confrontations with stressors and challenges evoke central and peripheral physiological arousal. Characterizations of that peripheral arousal traditionally have been negative, but some modern views are more positive. After providing some definitions, I discuss the apparent contradictions between literatures whose basis is an assumption of the harmfulness of peripheral physiological arousal and those whose basis is not. DefinitionsAccording to Folkman and Lazarus (1985), the term stress implies "a relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as relevant to his or her well-being and in which the person's resources are taxed or exceeded" (p. 152). As components of stress, Folkman and Lazarus described threat as "potential for harm or loss," challenge as "potential for growth," and harm-loss as "injury already done" (p. 152). However, because I often emphasize the differences between challenge, on the one hand, and threat and loss, on the other, I use the term challenge separately, using stress to capture only the components of the concept associated with threat and harm/loss.

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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Responses in Continuously Collected Human Plasma to a Series of Stressors

Cited by 187 publications

References 27 publications

Endocrine and cardiovascular responses during phobic anxiety.

Endocrine and cardiovascular responses during phobic anxiety.

Enhanced forearm blood flow during mental stress in children of hypertensive parents.

Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health.

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