Epiphytism and fouling in Gracilaria cultivation: an overview

Fletcher, R. L.

doi:10.1007/bf00004006

Cited by 92 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 55 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These organisms will be referred to collectively as epibionts, with the terms epifauna and epiphytes referring to animal and alga epibionts, respectively (Wahl 1997). The pres-ence of epibionts decreases the productivity of farms (Fletcher 1995, Peteiro & Freire 2012 and impacts the commercial value of the crop (Park & Hwang 2012). The negative impacts of fouling on seaweeds have been well documented for both wild and cultivated fronds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals can be torn from substrata due to increased drag from epibionts (Dayton 1985, D'Antonio 1985. Frond fouling can also lead to necrosis of kelp tissue (Fletcher 1995, Peteiro & Freire 2013b) and the inhibition of reproduction by preventing spore release (D 'Antonio 1985, Saier & Chapman 2004. Photosynthesis can be decreased as fouling organisms can create a barrier to nutrient uptake (Hurd et al 2000), can block the surface area of the frond (Hepburn et al 2006) and restrict light availability (Cancino et al 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies of Gracilaria sp. farming in Chile, which mainly focused on epiphytes (Buschmann & Gómez 1993, Fletcher 1995, Leonardi et al 2006) and kelp farming in Asia, with a focus on fouling hydroids and copepods (Park et al 1990, Park & Hwang 2012. However, due to the slower growth of the cultivation industry in Europe, research on associated epibionts has only begun more recently (Peteiro & Freire 2013b, Førde et al 2016, Walls et al 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Successional changes of epibiont fouling communities of the cultivated kelp Alaria esculenta: predictability and influences

Walls¹,

Edwards²,

Firth³

et al. 2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There has been an increase in commercial-scale kelp cultivation in Europe, with fouling of cultivated kelp fronds presenting a major challenge to the growth and development of the industry. The presence of epibionts decreases productivity and impacts the commercial value of the crop. Several abiotic and biotic factors may influence the occurrence and degree of fouling of wild and cultivated fronds. Using a commercial kelp farm on the SW coast of Ireland, we studied the development of fouling communities on cultivated Alaria esculenta fronds over 2 typical growing seasons. The predictability of community development was assessed by comparing mean occurrence-day. Hypotheses that depth, kelp biomass, position within the farm and the hydrodynamic environment affect the fouling communities were tested using species richness and community composition. Artificial kelp mimics were used to test whether local frond density could affect the fouling communities. Species richness increased over time during both years, and species composition was consistent over years with early successional communities converging into later communities (no significant differences between June 2014 and June 2015 communities, ANOSIM; R = −0.184, p > 0.05). The timing of species occurrences was predictable across years for all shared species. Variations in biomass, depth and position within the farm had no significant effect on species richness and composition. Results from artificial kelp mimics suggest possible hydrodynamic effects. The ability to understand succession and the timing of occurrences of fouling organisms and predict their arrival has significant benefits for the seaweed cultivation industry.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Successional changes of epibiont fouling communities of the cultivated kelp Alaria esculenta: predictability and influences

Walls¹,

Edwards²,

Firth³

et al. 2017

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, the damage caused by an epiphyte Correspondence to: Patricia Leonardi. e-mail: leonardi@ uns.edu.ar to its basiphyte can be highly variable, and is mainly influenced by the type of anatomical association and the incidence of the epiphyte (Fletcher, 1995). However, in cases where the algal epiphyte is deeply anchored into the host tissue and, even in extreme infections, where infective algae grow almost entirely within the host as an endophyte, the negative effects on the host are not always evident and the classification of such an intruder as a pathogen can be inappropriate (Correa & McLachlan, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity, phenomenology and epidemiology of epiphytism in farmedGracilaria chilensis(Rhodophyta) in northern Chile

Leonardi

Miravalles

Faugeron

et al. 2006

European Journal of Phycology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study identified the most common epiphytes infecting the algal host Gracilaria chilensis on a farm in northern Chile. Simultaneously, the types of host-epiphyte interfaces were characterized and their relative abundance and temporal variability were monitored. Five types of anatomical relationships were detected. Infection type I included the epiphytes weakly attached to the surface of the host and not associated with damage of host tissues (i.e. Hincksia mitchelliae, H. granulosa and Ectocarpus acutus). Infection type II included those epiphytes strongly attached to the surface of the host but not associated with any host tissue damage (i.e. Acrochaetium sp., Antithamnionella sp. and Colpomenia sinuosa). Infection type III included all the epiphytes that penetrated the outer layer of the host wall without damaging its cortical cells (i.e. Xenococcus sp. and Sahlingia subintegra). Infection type IV included epiphytes penetrating deep into the host cell wall, disorganizing the cortical tissue (i.e. Ulva lactuca and Acrosorium corallinarum). Infection type V included epiphytes that penetrated deeply into the cortex, reached the medullary tissue and caused destruction of the host's cells in the area around the infection (i.e. Ceramium rubrum and Polysiphonia harveyi). Prevalence varied with time and with infection type, with types II and III reaching up to 80% and 90% of the thalli respectively. Severity of epiphyte infection was similar to the distribution of infection prevalence, with crustose epiphytes colonizing up to 80% of the host surface.

show abstract

“…The last consideration is very important: taking irradiance and temperature into account, the growth rates of S. latissima and P. palmata could not 100% correspond with the increase of nutrient releases from the growing fish in the cages (Grote et al, 2013b). The effective control of epiphytes in tank cultures has used freshwater additions, oxygen (air exposure), chemicals and other practices (Buschmann et al, 1994;Fletcher, 1995). In nearshore operations, Porphyra epiphytes have been managed by utilizing the tide that exposes the seaweeds to air, or by means of specially designed emersion/immersion systems (Oohusa, 1993), but such measures are most probably not feasible in offshore systems .…”

Section: Position Of Imta Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art and Challenges for Offshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

By moving away from coastal waters and hence reducing pressure on nearshore ecosystems, offshore aquaculture can be seen as a possible step towards the large-scale expansion of marine food production. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in nearshore water bodies has received increasing attention and could therefore play a role in the transfer of aquaculture operations to offshore areas. IMTA holds scope for multi-use of offshore areas and can bring environmental benefits from making use of waste products and transforming these into valuable co-products. Furthermore, they may act as alternative marine production systems and provide scope for alternative income options for coastal communities, e.g., by acting as nodes for farm operation and maintenance requirements. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the implications of the exposed nature of offshore and open ocean sites on the biological, technological and socio-economic performance of IMTA. Of particular interest is improving knowledge about resource flows between integrated species in hydrodynamic challenging conditions that characterize offshore waters.

show abstract

Epiphytism and fouling in Gracilaria cultivation: an overview

Cited by 92 publications

References 55 publications

Successional changes of epibiont fouling communities of the cultivated kelp Alaria esculenta: predictability and influences

Successional changes of epibiont fouling communities of the cultivated kelp Alaria esculenta: predictability and influences

Diversity, phenomenology and epidemiology of epiphytism in farmedGracilaria chilensis(Rhodophyta) in northern Chile

State of the Art and Challenges for Offshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About