Episiotomy: history, present and future – a review

Ghulmiyyah, Labib; Sinno, Solara; Mirza, Fadi G.; Finianos, E.; Nassar, AH

doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1755647

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In France, the rates decreased from 22%, in 2013, to 14%, in 2017 18 ; while in Finland, this rate decreased from 71% to 55% among primiparous women, and from 21% to 9% among multiparous women, between 1997 and 2007 19 . The main reason behind this trend is that episiotomy began to be selective and not a routine procedure in many countries [2][3][4] . In France, the factors associated with episiotomy have not changed, suggesting that the decrease in episiotomies is probably due to proactive changes in its restrictive practices 20 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Episiotomy, or perineotomy, refers to the surgical incision designed to reduce the incidence of severe perineal tears during labor 1 . The two most common types are medial and mediolateral 2 . Usually, episiotomy is referred as a simple, quick, low-cost surgical procedure that avoids or reduces perineal lacerations, reduces maternal-fetal distress, and accelerates labor [1][2][3] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two most common types are medial and mediolateral 2 . Usually, episiotomy is referred as a simple, quick, low-cost surgical procedure that avoids or reduces perineal lacerations, reduces maternal-fetal distress, and accelerates labor [1][2][3] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Against its realization is the lack of scientific evidence of its benefits, primarily when employed routinely. Several studies have shown that episiotomy favors bleeding and injuries in the perineal region, promotes sphincter trauma, facilitates fecal incontinence and flatulence, and prolongs postpartum pain, among other complications [1][2][3][4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Episiotomy in Southern Brazil: prevalence, trend, and associated factors

César

Marmitt²,

Mendoza-Sassi

2022

Rev. saúde pública

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OBJECTIVE To identify and analyze the prevalence, trend, and factors associated with episiotomy in Rio Grande, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. METHODS A single, standardized questionnaire was applied to all pregnant women, residents in the municipality of Rio Grande, who had children in local hospitals between January 1 and December 12 of the years 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 e 2019. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were investigated, as well as the assistance received during pregnancy and delivery. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions and Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used for multivariable analysis. Prevalence ratio (PR) was used as effect measure. RESULTS Among the 12,645 births that occurred in the five years, 5,714 (45.2%) were vaginal delivery. Of these mothers, 2,930 (51.3%; 95%CI: 50.0%–52.6%) underwent episiotomy. Over this period, the episiotomy rate decreased from 70.9% (68.4–73.5) in 2007 to 19.4% (17.1–21.7) in 2019. Adjusted analysis showed a high PR of episiotomy occurrence among women who were young (PR = 2.23; 95%CI: 1.89–2.63), had higher education (PR = 1.21; 95%Cl: 1.03–1.42), had a higher family income (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.10–1.41), were primiparous (PR = 3.41; 95%CI: 2.95–3.95), had prenatal care in the private sector (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.07–1.46), had oxytocin-induced labor (PR = 1.18; 95%CI:1.09–1.27), underwent forceps (PR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.16–1.50), and whose newborn weighed 4,000 g or more (PR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.14–1.80). CONCLUSION Although the prevalence of episiotomy fell sharply within the studied period, its occurrence is more likely among women at lower risk of birth complications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Episiotomy in Southern Brazil: prevalence, trend, and associated factors

César

Marmitt²,

Mendoza-Sassi

2022

Rev. saúde pública

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“…11 It had been confirmed that prophylaxis done by women and healthcare providers during labour can decrease the need for episiotomies. 12 Another aspect of the need to receive sufficient knowledge about episiotomy can be identified when looking at the positive correlation between satisfaction with the healthcare provider's attitude and receiving information along with giving consent before episiotomy was performed. This correlation showed that patients who received information and provided consent to the procedure were more satisfied with their specialists and healthcare.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitude and knowledge of Latvian women towards episiotomy

Gauja

Bebere²,

Rezeberga³

2022

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Although episiotomy is one of the most common surgical procedures, there is still not a lot of research on patients' experience, knowledge and attitudes.Methods: A structured questionnaire was developed and carried out online to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes toward episiotomy among pregnant women and women who had given birth in the previous three years.Results: In this study, 1394 respondents were included. 72.6% of respondents knew what episiotomy was and why the procedure was performed, and 50.9% of those women acknowledged that before labour they did not receive an adequate amount of information. There is a correlation between the knowledge of episiotomies and refusal of the procedure (Spearman’s r=-0.133, p≤0.001). In case of insufficient information, women were more likely to refuse the procedure. 36.2% of women who experienced episiotomy were informed about the procedure and gave their consent to it and 51.9% did not, the rest could not give a concrete answer.Conclusions: Women are not provided with sufficient information about episiotomies during pregnancy. In the majority of cases, patient involvement in the decision-making is not observed. Women must be provided with choices and obtaining their consent should be an integral part of the procedure.

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