Episodic Memory in Nonhuman Animals

Templer, Victoria L.; Hampton, Robert R.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.016

Cited by 83 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The idea that recollection is temporally organized dates back at least to Aristotle and was described as the fundamental organizing dimension of episodic memory, as introduced by Tulving 1 . Interest in the temporal dimension of episodic memory is increasing 2 , as is a focus on mechanisms for encoding temporal relations among events in both simple and complex forms of associative learning 3 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories

2014

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Recent studies have revealed the existence of hippocampal neurons that fire at successive moments in temporally structured experiences. Several studies have shown that such temporal coding is not attributable to external events, specific behaviours or spatial dimensions of an experience. Instead, these cells represent the flow of time in specific memories and have therefore been dubbed ‘time cells’. The firing properties of time cells parallel those of hippocampal place cells; time cells thus provide an additional dimension that is integrated with spatial mapping. The robust representation of both time and space in the hippocampus suggests a fundamental mechanism for organizing the elements of experience into coherent memories.

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confidence: 99%

Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories

2014

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“…Clearly, there is no clear evidence that animals can have these abilities (Templer and Hampton 2013). However, as mentioned above, episodic memory has also been defined in terms of "what," "where," and "when" (Tulving).…”

Section: How To Measure Declarative Episodic Memory In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Declarative Memory

Riedel

Blokland

2015

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

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Declarative Memory consists of memory for events (episodic memory) and facts (semantic memory). Methods to test declarative memory are key in investigating effects of potential cognition-enhancing substances--medicinal drugs or nutrients. A number of cognitive performance tests assessing declarative episodic memory tapping verbal learning, logical memory, pattern recognition memory, and paired associates learning are described. These tests have been used as outcome variables in 34 studies in humans that have been described in the literature in the past 10 years. Also, the use of episodic tests in animal research is discussed also in relation to the drug effects in these tasks. The results show that nutritional supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been investigated most abundantly and, in a number of cases, but not all, show indications of positive effects on declarative memory, more so in elderly than in young subjects. Studies investigating effects of registered anti-Alzheimer drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment, show positive and negative effects on declarative memory. Studies mainly carried out in healthy volunteers investigating the effects of acute dopamine stimulation indicate enhanced memory consolidation as manifested specifically by better delayed recall, especially at time points long after learning and more so when drug is administered after learning and if word lists are longer. The animal studies reveal a different picture with respect to the effects of different drugs on memory performance. This suggests that at least for episodic memory tasks, the translational value is rather poor. For the human studies, detailed parameters of the compositions of word lists for declarative memory tests are discussed and it is concluded that tailored adaptations of tests to fit the hypothesis under study, rather than "off-the-shelf" use of existing tests, are recommended.

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“…Practically, source memory errors are a debilitating symptom of age-, injury-, or drug-related memory impairment (e.g., Cansino, 2009; Janowsky et al, 1989; Mcintyre & Craik, 1987; Morgan et al, 2004). Therefore, tests of source memory and source memory errors in nonhuman animals are of great interest because they will inform our understanding of the evolution of memory, and provide models for neuroscientific investigations (Crystal, 2016; Templer & Hampton, 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociation of item and source memory in rhesus monkeys

Basile

Hampton

2017

Cognition

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Source memory, or memory for the context in which a memory was formed, is a defining characteristic of human episodic memory and source memory errors are a debilitating symptom of memory dysfunction. Evidence for source memory in nonhuman primates is sparse despite considerable evidence for other types of sophisticated memory and the practical need for good models of episodic memory in nonhuman primates. A previous study showed that rhesus monkeys confused the identity of a monkey they saw with a monkey they heard, but only after an extended memory delay. This suggests that they initially remembered the source – visual or auditory - of the information but forgot the source as time passed. Here, we present a monkey model of source memory that is based on this previous study. In each trial, monkeys studied two images, one that they simply viewed and touched and the other that they classified as a bird, fish, flower, or person. In a subsequent memory test, they were required to select the image from one source but avoid the other. With training, monkeys learned to suppress responding to images from the to-be-avoided source. After longer memory intervals, monkeys continued to show reliable item memory, discriminating studied images from distractors, but made many source memory errors. Monkeys discriminated source based on study method, not study order, providing preliminary evidence that our manipulation of retention interval caused errors due to source forgetting instead of source confusion. Finally, some monkeys learned to select remembered images from either source on cue, showing that they did indeed remember both items and both sources. This paradigm potentially provides a new model to study a critical aspect of episodic memory in nonhuman primates.

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Episodic Memory in Nonhuman Animals

Cited by 83 publications

References 52 publications

Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories

Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories

Declarative Memory

Dissociation of item and source memory in rhesus monkeys

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