Epistemic Reasoning for Machine Ethics with Situation Calculus

Pagnucco, Maurice; Rajaratnam, David; Limarga, Raynaldio; Nayak, Abhaya C.; Song, Yang

doi:10.1145/3461702.3462586

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As mentioned earlier, this is only a first step and as argued in works such as Pagnucco et al (2021); Dehghani et al (2008); Halpern and Kleiman-Weiner (2018) there is much promise in looking at ethical AI using rich logics. In fact, we did not aim to necessarily faithfully reconstruct existing ML notions in this paper but rather study underlying principles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the formalization side, study of moral concepts has long been a favored topic in the knowledge representation community (Conway and Gawronski 2013;Alexander and Moore 2016;Czelakowski 1997;Hooker and Kim 2018), that can be further coupled against notions of beliefs, desires and intentions (Broersen et al 2001;Georgeff et al 1998). Finally, closer to the thrust of this paper, (Pagnucco et al 2021) formalize consequentialist and deontological ethical principles in terms of "desirable" states in the epistemic situation calculus, and (Classen and Delgrande 2020) formalize obligations using situation calculus programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Toward A Logical Theory Of Fairness and Bias

Belle¹

2023

Theory and Practice of Logic Programming

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Fairness in machine learning is of considerable interest in recent years owing to the propensity of algorithms trained on historical data to amplify and perpetuate historical biases. In this paper, we argue for a formal reconstruction of fairness definitions, not so much to replace existing definitions but to ground their application in an epistemic setting and allow for rich environmental modeling. Consequently we look into three notions: fairness through unawareness, demographic parity and counterfactual fairness, and formalize these in the epistemic situation calculus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Toward A Logical Theory Of Fairness and Bias

Belle¹

2023

Theory and Practice of Logic Programming

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“…Related studies have mainly focused on rules and principles approaches in simple traffic environments; for instance, Thornton et al [ 16 ] proposed the Three Laws of AVs, which specify the priority collision order of pedestrians, cars, and other objects in collision decisions. And Pagnucco et al [ 17 ] presented a knowledge-based cognitive contextual algorithm for behavioral ethical reasoning. However, in the face of complex real-world traffic situations, deontology is difficult to design with full rule coverage.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Common Principles for Decision-Making in Moral Dilemmas for Autonomous Vehicles

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

Behavioral Sciences

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How decisions are made when autonomous vehicles (AVs) are faced with moral dilemmas is still a challenge. For this problem, this paper proposed the concept of common principles, which were drawn from the general public choice and could be generally accepted by society. This study established five moral dilemma scenarios with variables including the number of sacrifices, passenger status, presence of children, decision-making power subjects, and laws. Based on existing questionnaire data, we used gray correlation analysis to analyze the influence of the individual and psychological factors of participants in decision-making. Then, an independent sample t-test and analysis of covariance were selected to analyze the influence relationship between individual and psychological factors. Finally, by induction statistics of decision choices and related parameters of participants, we obtain common principles of autonomous vehicles, including the principle of protecting law-abiding people, the principle of protecting the majority, and the principle of protecting children. The principles have different priorities in different scenarios and can meet the complex changes in moral dilemmas. This study can alleviate the contradiction between utilitarianism and deontology, the conflict between public needs and individualized needs, and it can provide a code of conduct for ethical decision-making in future autonomous vehicles.

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