“…They argue, with ethnographic scientific evidence that: (1) childcare ought not to be linked to poverty, (2) the child has multiple social partners who fulfil different needs, and (3) the prescriptions of a certain type of responsive caregiving based on a particular cultural family model are at odds with diverse forms of responsive caregiving in a variety of contexts. Together, these practices and their selective evidentiary bases in global ECD create preconditions for epistemological violence (EV) (Oppong, 2015(Oppong, , 2019(Oppong, , 2020(Oppong, , 2023Teo, 2008Teo, , 2010. EV occurs "when speculative explanations for observed group differences present one of the groups as inferior or weaker relative to the other while, at the same time, those speculations appear as facts" (Oppong, 2020, 468).…”