Epitaxial array of Fe3O4 nanodots for high rate high capacity conversion type lithium ion batteries electrode with long cycling life

Ultra-small Fe3O4 nanodots encapsulated in layered carbon nanosheets with fast kinetics for lithium/potassium-ion battery anodes

“…2a demonstrating the formation of Fe 3 O 4 . 24,25,41,46 The C 1s spectrum is shown in Fig. 2l, divided into three sub-peaks at about 284.1, 285.6, and 286.9 eV.…”

“…12,[20][21][22][23] Among them, Fe 3 O 4 is regarded as one of the most promising anode candidates for both LIBs and KIBs due to the high theoretical capacity (926 mA h g À1 ), 4 natural abundance, low cost, and non-toxic feature. 24,25 However, there are still many challenges remained for Fe 3 O 4 materials in LIBs and KIBs on the following aspects: (1) large volume changes during conversion reactions with Li/K cations, resulting in severe electrode pulverization and contact loss from current collectors; (2) poor ionic and electronic conductivity, leading to the low ionic diffusion coefficient and high electrical resistance; (3) unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), giving low coulombic efficiencies; (4) large particles size, relating to long durations of chemical diffusion. 26,27 To overcome these drawbacks, several effective strategies are reported to enhance the electrochemical performances, including nanometerization, 19,28 carbon coating, 29,30 heteroatom-doping, [31][32][33][34] and surface-engineering.…”

Highly Ordered SnO2 Nanopillar Array as Binder-Free Anodes for Long-Life and High-Rate Li-Ion Batteries

“…In general, the Li-storage mechanism in TMOs is either intercalation/deintercalation (M x O y + nLi + + ne − ↔ Li n M x O y ) or conversion reaction (M x O y + 2yLi + + 2ye − ↔ yLi 2 O + xM) [ 6 ]. One should note that the conversion-type TMOs render high theoretical Li storage capacity, such as Fe 3 O 4 (926 mAh g −1 ) [ 7 ], Co 3 O 4 (890 mAh g −1 ) [ 8 ], and SnO 2 (1494 mAh g −1 ) [ 9 ]. However, the conversion-type TMOs experience large volumetric change during the charge/discharge process, e.g., the volume change of SnO 2 by ~300% [ 10 , 11 ], resulting in rapid capacity decay, inferior cyclic performance, and poor rate capability.…”

Porous 3D Architecture of Carbon‐Encapsulated Fe3O4 Nanospheres Anchored on Networks of Carbon Nanotubes as Anodes for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…In recent decades, many of categories materials, such as oxides and sulfides as well as selenides of metal, have been extensively investigated and explored as anode materials for LIBs [9–15] . Among these materials, Fe 3 O 4 is considered as a favorable candidate material for LIBs owe to its relatively high theoretical capacity of 926 mA h g −1 [16] . Although Fe 3 O 4 possesses many advantages, such as higher energy density, lower price, and nonpoisonous to environments, it also contains some inherent shortcomings, for example large volume expansion, severe electrode polarization, and poor conductivity [17–19] .…”