“…3(a-c)), the Si 2s core level remains at the binding energy corresponding to Si-Si bonds of the bulk Si substrate (150.7 eV). This result indicates that no silica or silicates are formed at this stage, which should appear at 154.3 and 153.4 eV, respectively [10][11][12]. Moreover, the presence of silica or/and silicates should also result in chemical shifts on the O 1s, Al 2p or La 4d substrate core levels.…”