Epithelial Migration Over Tympanic Membrane and External Canal

Litton, Ward B.

doi:10.1001/archotol.1963.00750010264004

Cited by 72 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…In our study of the movement of dye markings over the €"I' we have confirmed the findings of Litton (1963) and Alberti (1964) that migration in this region takes a centrifugal direction. The pathway of dye from the HM region to the periphery of the eardrum corresponds to that described by Alberti in his minority group (19641, but in the majority of eardrums observed by him dye appeared to move radially outwards from the umbo.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Auditory epithelial migration on the human tympanic membrane: II. The existence of two discrete migratory pathways and their embryologic correlates

Michaels

Soucek

1990

Am. J. Anat.

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The pathways of movement of dye-markings on the tympanic membranes of 30 ears of 15 volunteers were investigated by photography with a Hopkin's rod. Two discrete pathways were identified. Movement on the pars tensa was centrifugal in all directions from the edge of the handle of malleus surface. This supported our previous suggestion that pars tensa epithelial migration is based on growth of the meatal plate. Movement on the more central part of the handle surface itself, however, was always upwards to the pars flaccida epithelium and then, with all dye on the latter, in a posterosuperior direction only. The covering epithelium of the pars flaccida/handle of malleus arises from the fundus of the early embryonic external canal. To explore the possibility that its migration may also commence early, the fundus was examined histologically in 12 embryo ears. It was shaped like an inverted pear to conform to the primordial head of the malleus above and its handle below. There was distinct flattening of the whole fundal epithelium in contrast to the side wall of the external canal, lending support to the concept of a primordial flux of epithelium in the main fundus and its inferior extension. The meatal plate grew from the rim of the fundus producing the pars tensa and deep external canal epithelia. This process, however, was not associated with significant cytologic alterations or increased expression of the human proliferation antigen, Ki-67, at that rim. This suggests that the pars tensa epithelium grows and moves without the active involvement of the epithelium of the pars flaccida/handle of malleus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Auditory epithelial migration on the human tympanic membrane: II. The existence of two discrete migratory pathways and their embryologic correlates

Michaels

Soucek

1990

Am. J. Anat.

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“…The tympanic membrane (commonly called the eardrum) has an outer layer formed of and continuous with the ectoderm of the ear canal, and an inner layer said to be of endoderm, (reviewed by Schoenwolf et al 2012;Cochard, 2012;Carlson, 2014); however, this has never been shown via embryonic tracing methods. The ectodermal outer layer is stratified squamous epithelium, which shows a unique lateral migration of epidermal cells from the centre of the eardrum to the edges where they then can desquamate (Litton, 1963;Alberti, 1964;Boedts & Kuijpers, 1978). This process accounts for the self-cleaning ability of the outer ear.…”

Section: The Development Of the Pinna Ear Canal And Tympanic Membranementioning

confidence: 99%

The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear

2015

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The mammalian ear is a complex structure divided into three main parts: the outer; middle; and inner ear. These parts are formed from all three germ layers and neural crest cells, which have to integrate successfully in order to form a fully functioning organ of hearing. Any defect in development of the outer and middle ear leads to conductive hearing loss, while defects in the inner ear can lead to sensorineural hearing loss. This review focuses on the development of the parts of the ear involved with sound transduction into the inner ear, and the parts largely ignored in the world of hearing research: the outer and middle ear. The published data on the embryonic origin, signalling, genetic control, development and timing of the mammalian middle and outer ear are reviewed here along with new data showing the Eustachian tube cartilage is of dual embryonic origin. The embryonic origin of some of these structures has only recently been uncovered (Science, 339, 2013(Science, 339, , 1453 Development, 140, 2013, 4386), while the molecular mechanisms controlling the growth, structure and integration of many outer and middle ear components are hardly known. The genetic analysis of outer and middle ear development is rather limited, with a small number of genes often affecting either more than one part of the ear or having only very small effects on development. This review therefore highlights the necessity for further research into the development of outer and middle ear structures, which will be important for the understanding and treatment of conductive hearing loss.

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“…8 In summary, EM serves as a self-cleaning mechanism for the TM and ear canal and as a repair mechanism for the TM. 7,[9][10][11] In 1882, Blake noted outward movement of small paper disks placed on the TM, which migrated onto the wall of the ear canal, and desquamated at the junction of the osseous and cartilaginous portions of the canal. 12 Stinson applied drops of India ink on human TMs to describe the rate and pattern of epithelial migration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial migration on the canine tympanic membrane

Tabacca¹,

Cole²,

Hillier³

et al. 2011

Veterinary Dermatology

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Epithelial migration (EM) is a process that serves as a self-cleaning and repair mechanism for the ear canal and tympanic membrane (TM). Epithelial migration has been evaluated in humans and several other species, but not in dogs. The objective of this study was to determine the rate and pattern of EM on the TM in clinically normal laboratory dogs. Eighteen dogs were anaesthetized, and three drops of waterproof drawing ink were placed on two sites of the pars tensa (PT) and one on the pars flaccida (PF). Images were recorded with a video otoscope and digital capture system. Each dog was evaluated and images were recorded every 6-8 days for four evaluations. Migration pattern analysis and EM rate calculation were performed with image-processing software. Descriptive statistics for EM rate (mean, SD, 95% confidence interval) were calculated for all ink-drop locations on the TM (PT1, PT2 and PF) at each time point. No significant differences in the mean EM rates were identified between right and left ears of the fox hounds breeds (beagle or fox hound), or locations PT1 and PT2. The mean overall EM rates (± SD) were 96.4 (± 43.1) and 225.4 (± 128.1) μm/day for the PT and PF, respectively. All ink drops moved outwards, the majority in a radial direction, from the original location to the periphery of the TM. The ink-drop placement method used in this study can be used in future studies to determine the EM rate of the canine TM.

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Epithelial Migration Over Tympanic Membrane and External Canal

Cited by 72 publications

References 0 publications

Auditory epithelial migration on the human tympanic membrane: II. The existence of two discrete migratory pathways and their embryologic correlates

Auditory epithelial migration on the human tympanic membrane: II. The existence of two discrete migratory pathways and their embryologic correlates

The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear

Epithelial migration on the canine tympanic membrane

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