Epithelioid granuloma formation by muramyl dipeptide (MDP)

Immunomodulatory activity of analog of muramyl dipeptide and their use as adjunct to chemotherapy of Leishmania donovani in hamster

“…Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a minimal structure required for the immunomodulatory activity of Gram +ve bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans [1][2][3][4][5]. MDP and its derivatives are known to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system [6,7]; form epithelial granuloma [8]; protect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans infection [9] as well as Staphylococcal infection [10]; and to show antitumor activity [11].…”

Extraintestinal manifestations of granulomatous enterocolitis induced in rabbits by long-term submucosal administration of muramyl dipeptide emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant

“…M D P is known to have adjuvant activity and antigenicity as a hapten, and to be granulomagenic with mineral oil or branched fatty acids. [9][10][11] We investigated whether extraintestinal manifestations of chronic intestinal inflammation similar to IBD could be produced by continuous, long-term stimulation with bacterial cell wall fragments. On the basis of our previous findings that chronic inflammatory changes of the colon continued for 4 weeks after a single injection of 100~tg MDP, we injected MDP emulsion every month long-term to provide continuous stimulation.…”

Derivatives of human β-Casein fragments (54–59) exhibit highly potent immunosuppressant activity

“…Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a minimal structure required for the immunomodulatory activity of Gram +ve bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans [2][3][4][5][6][7]. MDP and its derivatives are known to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system [7,8]; form epithelial granuloma [9]; protect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans infection [10] as well as Staphylococcal infection [11]; and to show antitumor activity [12].…”