The development of medicine during the last decades was mainly responsible for the increase in population life expectancy. These advances were achieved owing to contributions by several science areas including biochemistry, chemistry, pharmacology and engineering (Blyakhman et al., 2017; Feldman, 2020). The development of new diagnostic tools is among the most relevant subjects in this context, since disease detection at premature stages enables avoiding evasive, complex and expansive treatments and principally spare lives, especially when detecting contagious diseases (Steele et al., 2016). Consequently, rapidly responding, specific, sensitive, robust and ideally non-invasive diagnostic tools are essential for tracking and preventing infections (Sabherwal et al., 2016; Sharafeldin et al., 2018). The development of advanced diagnostic tools is challenged by factors such as the type of target analyte, the variety and complexity of biological samples (i.e. tissues, biofluids, etc.), and the frequently pronouncedly low concentration levels of the analyte, which may directly or in combination affect the achievable selectivity and sensitivity (Ranadive et al., 2017). Despite recent advances in diagnostic tools, several issues remain unaddressed. Most diagnostic tests rely on the use of sophisticated biological receptors, such as antibodies, enzymes, DNA, serving as biochemical or chemical recognition elements. Due to their nature, these reagents may be subject to poor stability, limited availability and/or reproducibility during manufacturing/processing and contaminations affecting the analysis (Kilic et al., 2020). Consequently, synthetic receptor/molecular recognition materials such as MIPs are a promising alternative to overcome or minimize some of these limitations (Denmark et al., 2020; Qi et al., 2019). Using molecular imprinting strategies, selectivity for a specific target species is entailed into an inorganic material, which may then be added to biodiagnostic and biomedical devices instead of natural receptor motifs, as discussed in the remainder of this review.