ePix: A class of front-end ASICs for second generation LCLS integrating hybrid pixel detectors

Dragone, A.; Caragiulo, P.; Marković, Bojan; Herbst, R.; Nishimura, K.; Reese, Benjamin; Herrmann, Sven; Hart, Philip; Blaj, G.; Segal, J.; Tomada, A.; Hasi, J.; Carini, G.; Kenney, C.; Haller, G.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2013.6829505

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…To recover the initial signal from the transient exponential decay segments, we fitted each 100 ns (10 samples) segment of raw data between DAC updates with an exponential decay: y raw = y ADC + A e − t−to τ (31) where t o is the time offset of the first sample in the current segment, y ADC the new target output. The PX5 DAC and Acquiris were not synchronized and their time offset changed in each waveform.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EPIXS PIXEL DETECTORS: SDD SUCCESSORS ePixS [29], [30] is a 2D, charge integrating, hybrid pixel detector with an array of 10 × 10 500 µm × 500 µm pixels, where each pixel has a spectroscopic performance (noise σ of 8 e − or ≈ 30 eV, and measured line width of ≈ 215 eV FWHM at Mn Kα) approaching that of SDDs. The ePixS camera is built on the ePix platform [31], providing a large number of spectroscopic imaging pixels in a compact, robust and affordable camera package [32]. Fig.…”

Section: Single Event Bayesian Decomposition Of Photon Pile-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Pulse Processing, Pile-Up Decomposition, and Applications of Silicon Drift Detectors at LCLS

Blaj

Kenney

Dragone

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Abstract-Silicon drift detectors (SDDs) revolutionized spectroscopy in fields as diverse as geology and dentistry. For a subset of experiments at ultra-fast, x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), SDDs can make substantial contributions. Often the unknown spectrum is interesting, carrying science data, or the background measurement is useful to identify unexpected signals. Many measurements involve only several discrete photon energies known a priori, allowing single event, Bayesian decomposition of pile-up and spectroscopic photon counting. We designed a pulse function (a combination of gradual step and exponential decay function) and demonstrated that for individual pulses the signal amplitude, peaking time, and pulse amplitude are interrelated and at short peaking times the pulse amplitude is not an optimal estimator for signal amplitude; instead, the signal amplitude and peaking time are obtained for each pulse by fitting, thus removing the need for pulse shaping. Avoiding pulse shaping reduced peaking times to tens of nanoseconds, resulting in reduced pulse pile-up and allowing decomposition of remaining pulse pile-up at photon separation times down to 100 ns while yielding time-of-arrival information with precision of 10 nanoseconds. At pulsed sources or high photon rates, photon pile-up still occurs. We showed that the area of one photon peaks is not suitable for estimating high photon rates while pile-up spectrum fitting is relatively simple and preferable to pile-up spectrum deconvolution. We developed a photon pile-up model for constant intensity sources, extended it to variable intensity sources (typical for FELs) and used it to fit a complex pileup spectrum, demonstrating its accuracy. Based on the pile-up model, we developed a Bayesian pile-up decomposition method that allows decomposing pile-up of single events with up to 6 photons from 6 monochromatic lines with 99% accuracy. The usefulness of SDDs will continue into the x-ray FEL era of science. Their successors, the ePixS hybrid pixel detectors, already offer hundreds of pixels, each with similar performance to an SDD, in a compact, robust and affordable package.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single Event Bayesian Decomposition Of Photon Pile-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Pulse Processing, Pile-Up Decomposition, and Applications of Silicon Drift Detectors at LCLS

Blaj

Kenney

Dragone

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…The SparkPix-S architecture, is based on the successful ePix family [2,3], which allows an efficient reuse of interface and configuration hardware blocks, firmware and test resources. A front-end 2-D matrix of 384×352 square pixels with 50 µm pitch is arranged to match the pitch of a larger Si-sensor, realizing a 3-sides buttable layout, with the fourth side (balcony) being devoted to back-end signal processing and data transmission.…”

Section: The Sparkpix-s Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

The SparkPix-S ASIC for the sparsified readout of 1 MHz frame-rate X-ray cameras at LCLS-II: pixel design and simulation results

Rota,

Mele,

Habib

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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Exploiting the “sparse” nature of the information in XPCS (X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy) and XSVS (Speckle Visibility Spectroscopy) experiments, we present the SparkPix-S, a 3-sides buttable Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) based on a sparsified readout strategy for large-format hybrid detectors. The SparkPix-S architecture, based on the successful ePix family, will be composed as follows: a front-end 2-D matrix of 384×352 square pixels with 50 µm pitch is arranged to match the dimensions of a PIN Si-sensor matrix; charge readout, signal shaping and amplitude discrimination is performed at pixel-level, by means of a low-power (<18 µW) analog processor, which, in case of an event, negotiates access to an analog bus placed every other column; on the chip periphery (balcony), the information on each bus is digitized by an array of successive approximation analog-to-digital converters (SAR-ADCs) running at 10 Msps; on the digital back-end the global logic will generate the output data stream using low-voltage differential signalling (LVDS). A first prototype of the SparkPix-S, with a reduced matrix size of 96×96 pixels, is currently under production on a 130 nm CMOS technology. Simulated performance results show an equivalent noise charge <60 el. r.m.s. at 1 MHz repetition rate, with a maximum input energy of 60 keV and capability to discriminate charge signals with equivalent energy as low as 900 eV.

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“…For detection we used an ePix100a hybrid pixel detector [7]. This detector was initially designed for low-noise imaging of x-ray photons and is built on the ePix platform [8] of x-ray detectors. The main characteristics are summarized in Table I.…”

Section: A Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D electron tracking and vertexing in single plane pixel detectors

Blaj

Kenney

Caragiulo

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/R

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In particle physics, tracking and vertexing typically relies on silicon strip or pixel detectors arranged in multiple planes. The ePix100a detector was developed for low noise xray detection. When used for high energy particle tracking and imaging, it yields a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 500 to 1000. The unusually large SNR allows accurate reconstruction of tracks, down to subpixel resolution and 3D angular information. This paper presents ( 1) results obtained at the End Station Test Beam (ESTB) facility at SLAC National Laboratory with 4.5 GeV beams, incident at several different angles, (2) an analytical approach to accurately reconstruct 3D track position and orientation using single plane detectors, and (3) measurements with scattering targets, demonstrating the performance of the approach presented here. The same approach can be used with any other highly energetic charged particle detection, allowing good 3D position and orientation measurements using fewer or even single silicon detector planes.

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ePix: A class of front-end ASICs for second generation LCLS integrating hybrid pixel detectors

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Optimal Pulse Processing, Pile-Up Decomposition, and Applications of Silicon Drift Detectors at LCLS

Optimal Pulse Processing, Pile-Up Decomposition, and Applications of Silicon Drift Detectors at LCLS

The SparkPix-S ASIC for the sparsified readout of 1 MHz frame-rate X-ray cameras at LCLS-II: pixel design and simulation results

3D electron tracking and vertexing in single plane pixel detectors

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