Epizoozoan Trepostome Bryozoans on Nautiloids from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch Region, U.S.A.: An Assessment of Growth, form, and Water Flow Dynamics

Jackson, Patrick N. Wyse; Key, Marcus M.; Coakley, Stephen P.

doi:10.1666/13-138

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Nautiloid cephalopods, part of the Palaeozoic Evolutionary Fauna (Sepkoski , , ), were a common basibiont for stenolaemate bryozoans (Wyse Jackson & Key ; Wyse Jackson et al . ). The timing of the diversification of bryozoans through the Ordovician (Taylor & Ernst ; Ernst ) roughly coincides with the diversification of trilobites (Adrain et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Coevolution of post‐Palaeozoic arthropod basibiont diversity and encrusting bryozoan epibiont diversity?

Key

Schweitzer

2020

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We hypothesize that the diversification of motile marine arthropods with hard carapaces resulted in a concurrent increase in the diversity of encrusting marine bryozoans whose larvae exploited those substrates through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. To test this, family‐level data were tabulated from the literature on the post‐Palaeozoic diversity of motile marine arthropod basibionts and sessile marine bryozoan epibionts. We found strong temporal correlation from general to more specific basibiont‐epibiont relationships (i.e. arthropods and bryozoans in general to decapods and encrusting gymnolaemates to robust decapods and encrusting cheilostomes in particular). We compared the diversification of bryozoans to another common group of basibionts (i.e. molluscs) and found weaker correlations. This suggests that the diversification of motile arthropods with hard carapaces (e.g. brachyuran crabs) may have played a role in the diversification of sessile bryozoans (e.g. encrusting cheilostomes) in the post‐Palaeozoic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; Taylor ) and cephalopods (Wyse Jackson & Key ; Wyse Jackson et al . ) all serve as basibionts for epibiont bryozoans and are well preserved in the fossil record.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coevolution of post‐Palaeozoic arthropod basibiont diversity and encrusting bryozoan epibiont diversity?

Key

Schweitzer

2020

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“…Hederelloids have been reported to encrust externally shelled cephalopods before ( Thayer, 1974 ; Brassel, 1977 ; Bartels, Briggs & Brassel, 1998 ; Frey et al, 2014 ), but these are, to our knowledge, the first reported to encrust an ammonoid in vivo . Sclerobionts can provide also important information on paleoecology, sedimentary environments and taphonomy, both when they encrust shells in vivo or after death of their host ( Baird, Brett & Frey, 1989 ; Kacha & Šaric, 2009 ; Rakociński, 2011 ; Brett et al, 2012 ; Wilson & Taylor, 2013 ; Luci & Cichowolski, 2014 ; Wyse Jackson, Key & Coakley, 2014 ; Luci, Cichowolski & Aguirre-Urreta, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-Analysis of a non-planispiral ammonoid from the Hunsrück Slate: natural or pathological variation?

Stilkerich

Smrecak

Baets

2017

PeerJ

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We herein examine the only known non-planispirally coiled early Devonian ammonoid, the holotype specimen of Ivoites opitzi, to investigate if the host was encrusted in vivo and if these sclerobionts were responsible for the trochospiral coiling observed in this unique specimen. To test if the presence of runner-like sclerobionts infested the historically collected specimen of Ivoites opitzi during its life, we used microCT to produce a three-dimensional model of the surface of the specimen. Our results indicate that sclerobionts grew across the outer rim (venter) on both sides of the ammonoid conch at exactly the location where the deviation from the planispiral was recognized, and where subsequent ammonoid growth would likely preclude encrustation. This indicates in vivo encrustation of the I. opitzi specimen, and represents the earliest documentation of the phenomenon. Further, this suggests that non-planispiral coiling in I. opitzi was likely pathologically induced and does not represent natural morphological variation in the species. Despite the observed anomalies in coiling, the specimen reached adulthood and retains important identifying morphological features, suggesting the ammonoid was minimally impacted by encrustation in life. As such, appointing a new type specimen—as suggested by some authors—for the species is not necessary. In addition, we identify the sclerobionts responsible for modifying the coiling of this specimen as hederelloids, a peculiar group of sclerobionts likely related to phoronids. Hederelloids in the Devonian are commonly found encrusting on fossils collected in moderately deep environments within the photic zone and are rarely documented in dysphotic and aphotic samples. This indicates that when the ammonoid was encrusted it lived within the euphotic zone and supports the latest interpretations of the Hunsrück Slate depositional environment in the Bundenbach-Gemünden area.

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“…The first example of bryoimmuration in the Cincinnatian is the encrustation of orthoconic nautiloid conchs by the trepostome Spatiopora and other bryozoans (Wyse Jackson et al 2014). These bryozoans encrusted the nautiloids while they were alive, almost completely covering the exterior surfaces with thin calcitic colonies containing maculae elongated parallel to the direction of water flow (Fig.…”

Section: Cincinnatian Bryoimmurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bryozoans as taphonomic engineers, with examples from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Midwestern North America

Wilson

Buttler

Taylor

2019

LET

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A combination of encrusting calcitic bryozoans and early seafloor dissolution of aragonitic shells recorded in the Cincinnatian Series of the upper Midwest of North America allowed the preservation of abundant moulds of mollusc fossils bioimmured beneath the attachment surfaces of the bryozoans. We here call this preservational process ‘bryoimmuration’, defined as a bryozoan‐mediated subset of bioimmuration. The bryozoans moulded very fine details of the mollusc shells, usually with more accuracy than inorganic sediment moulds. Most of the bryozoans are heterotrypid trepostomes with robust low‐Mg calcite skeletons. The molluscs are primarily bivalves, gastropods, nautiloids and monoplacophorans with their originally aragonitic shells now dissolved. Many of the encrusting bryozoans are so thin and broad that they give the illusion of calcitic mollusc shells clinging to the moulds. Some molluscs in the Cincinnatian, especially monoplacophorans and epifaunal bivalves, would be poorly known if they had not been bryoimmured. Unlike internal and external moulds in sediment, bryoimmured fossils could be transported and thus record aragonitic faunas in taphonomic assemblages (e.g. storm beds) in which they would otherwise be rare or absent. In addition, bryoimmurations of aragonitic shells often reveal the ecological succession of encrustation on the shells by exposing the earliest encrusters and borings that were later overgrown. Bryoimmuration was common during the Late Ordovician because the calcite sea at the time quickly dissolved aragonitic shells on the seafloor before final burial, and large calcitic bryozoans very commonly used molluscs as substrates. Bryoimmuration is an important taphonomic process for preserving aragonitic faunas, and it reveals critical information about sclerobiont palaeoecology. Several Cincinnatian mollusc holotypes are bryoimmured specimens. Bryozoans involved in bryoimmuration enhance the preservation of aragonitic fauna and thus act as taphonomic engineers.

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Epizoozoan Trepostome Bryozoans on Nautiloids from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch Region, U.S.A.: An Assessment of Growth, form, and Water Flow Dynamics

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

Coevolution of post‐Palaeozoic arthropod basibiont diversity and encrusting bryozoan epibiont diversity?

Coevolution of post‐Palaeozoic arthropod basibiont diversity and encrusting bryozoan epibiont diversity?

3D-Analysis of a non-planispiral ammonoid from the Hunsrück Slate: natural or pathological variation?

Bryozoans as taphonomic engineers, with examples from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Midwestern North America

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