Epoxidation of Jatropha Methyl Esters via Acidic Ion Exchange Resin: Optimization and Characterization

Abstract

Plant oils and their derivatives have been vigorously exploited as alternatives for synthesis of epoxides due to depletion of petroleum resources. In this study, crude jatropha oil (CJO) was subjected to a transesterification process to form jatropha methyl esters (JME) using peroxyacetic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid via an acidic ion exchange resin (AIER). The effect of temperature, molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to unsaturation, molar ratio of acetic acid to unsaturation, and catalyst loading were investigated. This study revealed that the maximum 89.9% relative conversion to oxirane rings was achieved after 6 h with the optimal reaction conditions of temperature at 70 ˚C, the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to unsaturation of 1.5 mol, the molar ratio of acetic acid to unsaturation of 0.5 mol, and catalyst loading of 16%. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the epoxidized jatropha methyl esters (EJME) showed oxirane peaks (doublet) at 825 and 843 cm-1. 1 H NMR confirmed the diepoxide group at 2.85 ppm and 2.98 ppm, while the diepoxide signals of 1 C NMR were present at 56.88-57.06 ppm. Production of bio-epoxides from Jatropha methyl esters hence looks promising with favorable physicochemical properties, availability, and versatility.

Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Non-Isocyanate Urethane Monomer from Jatropha curcas Oil for Wood Composite Applications

“…Acidic ion exchange resin as catalyst was reported in situ epoxidations of cottonseed oil by peroxyacetic acid using hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid [34,35]. This catalyst is also used in the epoxidation of soybean oil and jatropha methyl ester, as carried out by Kousaalya et al [36] and Derahman et al [37]. Quantitative identification for evaluating the effect of the catalyst during epoxidation processes was evaluated by measuring the iodine and oxirane value.…”

Effective Epoxidation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Hydrogen Peroxide by the Catalytic System H3PW12O40/Quaternary Phosphonium Salts

“…Similarly, there is a disappearance of the second absorption band at 1655 cm −1 , which is specific for the -C=C stretching vibration. Moreover, the formation of epoxide is indicated by the presence of an absorption band at 824 cm −1 in the fingerprint region of the FTIR spectra [37]. Additionally, the lack of a wide band in the range of 3500-3200 cm −1 , characteristic for O-H stretching vibrations, proves that there are no alcohols in the product, i.e., the oxirane was not opened.…”

Manuseio De Ferramenta Online Para Processo De Georrefenciamento Dos Casos De Dengue Em Meio a Pandemia Da Covid-19

“…Segundo Costa et al (2013) O índice de saponificação representa a massa de KOH, em mg, necessária para saponificar um grama de gordura e, quanto menor for a massa molecular do ácido graxo, maior será o índice de saponificação (MORETTO & FETT, 1998). Macedo et al (2016) afirmaram que não há parâmetros oficiais que determinem um valor limite para este índice, entretanto, o índice referente ao pinhão-manso, obtido por Derahman et. al.…”