ReviewCite this article: Tran R et al. 2014 The Mn 4 Ca photosynthetic water-oxidation catalyst studied by simultaneous X-ray spectroscopy and crystallography using an X-ray free-electron laser. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369: 20130324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0324One contribution of 27 to a Discussion Meeting Issue 'Biology with free-electron X-ray lasers'.Subject Areas: biophysics, plant science, structural biology Keywords: manganese, oxygen-evolving complex, photosystem II, X-ray crystallography, X-ray emission spectroscopy, X-ray free-electron laser Author for correspondence: Vittal K. Yachandra e-mail: vkyachandra@lbl.govThe Mn 4 Ca photosynthetic wateroxidation catalyst studied by simultaneous X-ray spectroscopy and crystallography using an X-ray free-electron laser The structure of photosystem II and the catalytic intermediate states of the Mn 4 CaO 5 cluster involved in water oxidation have been studied intensively over the past several years. An understanding of the sequential chemistry of light absorption and the mechanism of water oxidation, however, requires a new approach beyond the conventional steady-state crystallography and X-ray spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures. In this report, we present the preliminary progress using an X-ray free-electron laser to determine simultaneously the light-induced protein dynamics via crystallography and the local chemistry that occurs at the catalytic centre using X-ray spectroscopy under functional conditions at room temperature.