Epstein Bar Virus—The Cause of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

2019

MHS

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Objective. Under certain circumstances, the results of multiple investigations – particularly, rigorously-designed trials, can be summarized by systematic reviews and meta-analyses. However, the results of properly conducted meta-analyses can but need not be stronger than single investigations, if (publication) bias is not considered to a necessary extent. Methods. In assessing the significance of publication bias due to study design simple to handle statistical measures for quantifying publication bias are developed and discussed which can be used as a characteristic of a meta-analysis. In addition, these measures may permit comparisons of publication biases between different meta-analyses. Results. Various properties and the performance of the new measures of publication bias are studied and illustrated using simulations and clearly described thought experiments. As a result, individual studies can be reviewed with a higher degree of certainty. Conclusions. Publication bias due to study design is a serious problem in scientific research, which can affect the validity and generalization of conclusions. The index of unfairness and the index of independence are of use to quantify publication bias and to improve the quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Section: Definition 212 (The 2x2 Table)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Index of Independence

2019

MHS

Self Cite

“…The 2x2 table in this article is defined (Barukčić, 1989;Barukčić, 1997;Barukčić, 2005;Barukčić, 2006a;Barukčić, 2006b;Barukčić, 2011b;Barukčić, 2012;Barukčić, 2016a;Barukčić, 2016b;Barukčić, 2016c;Barukčić, 2016d;Barukčić, 2016e;Barukčić, 2017a;Barukčić, 2017b;Barukčić, 2017c;Barukčić, 2017d;Barukčić, 2017e;Barukčić, 2017f;Barukčić, 2017g;Barukčić, 2018a;Barukčić, 2018b;Barukčić, 2018c) in general more precisely (Table 5) as follows. The mathematical formula of the sufficient condition relationship (conditio per quam) (Barukčić, 1989;Barukčić, 1997;Barukčić, 2005;Barukčić, 2006a;Barukčić, 2006b;Barukčić, 2011b;Barukčić, 2012;Barukčić, 2016a;Barukčić, 2016b;Barukčić, 2016c;Barukčić, 2016d;Barukčić, 2016e;Barukčić, 2017a;Barukčić, 2017b;Barukčić, 2017c;Barukčić, 2017d;Barukčić, 2017e;Barukčić, 2017f;Barukčić, 2017g;Barukčić, 2018a;Barukčić, 2018b;…”

Section: The 2x2 Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The causal relationship k(Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Crohn's disease) is calculated according to Barukčić (Barukčić, 1989;Barukčić, 1997;Barukčić, 2005;Barukčić, 2006a;Barukčić, 2006b;Barukčić, 2011b;Barukčić, 2012;Barukčić, 2016a;Barukčić, 2016b;Barukčić, 2016c;Barukčić, 2016d;Barukčić, 2016e;Barukčić, 2017a;Barukčić, 2017b;Barukčić, 2017c;Barukčić, 2017d;Barukčić, 2017e;Barukčić, 2017f;Barukčić, 2017g;Barukčić, 2018a;Barukčić, 2018b;Barukčić, 2018c …”

Section: Proofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis

2018

MHS

Objective: This systematic review assesses the causal relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn's disease (CD). Methods:A systematic review and meta-analysis of some impressive PCR based studies is provided aimed to answer among other questions the following question. Is there a cause effect relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease? The method of the conditio per quam relationship was used to proof the hypothesis whether the presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis guarantees the presence of Crohn's disease. In other words, if Crohn's disease is present, then Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is present too. The mathematical formula of the causal relationship k was used to proof the hypothesis, whether there is a cause effect relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease. Significance was indicated by a p-value of less than 0.05. Results:The studies analyzed (number of cases and controls N=1076) were able to provide evidence that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a necessary condition (conditio sine qua non) and sufficient condition of Crohn's disease. Furthermore, the studies analyzed provide impressive evidence of a cause-effect relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease. Conclusion:Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the cause of Crohn's disease (k=+0.4435, p value < 0.0001).

“…The value of the test statistic k = +0.455382556 is equivalent to a calculated [36]- [54] chi-square value of ( ) …”

Section: Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The X 2 Goodness-of-Fit Test with continuity correction of a necessary condition (conditio sine qua non) known to be defined as p (Fusobacterium ← Colorectal cancer) is calculated [36]- [54] as ( ) …”

Section: Proofmentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>—The Cause of Human Colorectal Cancer

2018

JBM

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Objective: Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiome has an increasingly important role in human disease and health. Fusobacterium nucleatum has been identified in several studies as the leading gut bacterium which is present in colorectal cancer (CRC). Still it is not clear if Fusobacterium plays a causal role. Methods: To explore the cause-effect relationship between Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer, a systematic review and re-analysis of studies published were performed. The method of the conditio sine qua non relationship was used to proof the hypothesis without Fusobacterium nucleatum infection, no colorectal cancer. The mathematical formula of the causal relationship k was used to proof the hypothesis, whether there is a cause-effect relationship between Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer. Significance was indicated by a p-value of less than 0.05. Result: The data analyzed support the Null-hypothesis that without Fusobacterium nucleatum infection, no colorectal cancer. In the same respect, the studies analyzed provide highly significant cause-effect relationship between Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that Fusobacterium (nucleatum) is the cause of colorectal cancer. KeywordsFusobacterium nucleatum, Human Colorectal Cancer, Causal Relationship IntroductionColorectal cancer has been ranked as the fourth most common cancer cause of death and the third most common cancer worldwide