Epstein-Barr Virus and Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis

Reddy, Archana; Lyall, E. G. H.; Crawford, D. H.

doi:10.1097/00006454-199801000-00020

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…EBV DNA has been found in lung biopsies [414,415], and EBV LMP-1 protein has been detected in airway epithelium [416]. A correlation between LIP and serum antibodies to EBV has also been shown [417]. However, in many patients there is no evidence for EBV infection, and no association with EBV has been found in adults with HIV LIP.…”

Section: Activation and Recruitment Of T Cells B Cells And Macrophamentioning

confidence: 97%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Blacklaws

Harkiss²

2010

CHR

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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are related retroviruses that cause multisystem disease usually over a long period of time. The viruses show similarities and differences in biological and pathogenic features. The basic retroviral genomic organization is complicated by the presence of a variable number of accessory genes in both viruses, though the structure is more complex in HIV. Both are mucosal pathogens, and infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The main difference in cell tropism is that, unlike HIV, SRLV do not infect lymphocytes. A major feature of both pathogens is restricted replication and virus latency, which are partly responsible for the establishment of chronic infection usually lasting for life. The pathologies observed are similar in the early stages of both infections, and possibly following highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). While the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease during symptomatic stages is mainly due to secondary infections and neoplastic conditions, the early and post-HAART stages are associated with chronic inflammatory changes that resemble those found in SRLV diseases which are thought to be mediated by anti-virus immune responses.

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Section: Activation and Recruitment Of T Cells B Cells And Macrophamentioning

confidence: 97%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Blacklaws

Harkiss²

2010

CHR

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“…22,23 However, the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of LIP still needs further investigation. 24,25 The predominant HIV subtype in Thailand is E, rather than subtype B which is common in North America and Europe. After controlling for factors known to affect transmissibility (eg, sexually transmitted diseases, advanced disease), subtype E was associated with a much higher rate of seroconcordance, suggesting a difference in the intrinsic properties of the subtypes, with enhanced heterosexual transmission in HIV-1 subtype E. 26 One recently published report suggested that this apparent enhanced heterosexual transmission of subtype E may be due to increased replication in LCs, which are located in the vaginal mucosa and may be the cell types that first become infected during heterosexual transmission of HIV-1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Cell Bearing EBER and p24 Antigens in Biopsy-proven Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia in HIV-1 Subtype E Infected Children

Bhoopat

Rangkakulnuwat²,

Ya-In³

et al. 2011

Applied Immunohistochemistry &Amp; Molecular Morphology

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Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is an uncommon histopathologic entity characterized by infiltration of the interstitium and alveolar spaces of the lung by lymphocytes and other lymphoid elements. An increased incidence of LIP has been seen in the pediatric population, especially in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Our previous study supports the notion that Langerhans cells (LCs) are reservoirs for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in lungs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype E-infected pediatric LIP. To further understand the pathogenesis of LIP, we studied the relationship between EBV, the suggested causative agent of LIP and HIV-1 capsid protein p24, which play an important role in the interaction with host proteins during HIV-1 adsorption, membrane fusion, and entry in surgical lung biopsy-proven LIP from 9 vertically HIV subtype E-infected pediatric patients. The dominant microscopic feature of LIP demonstrated widespread widening of alveolar septum by mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate, mainly composed of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells surrounding airways and expanding to the lung interstitium. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH) and p24 immunohistochemistry, performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from open lung biopsy specimens, revealed positive intranuclear EBER signals and intracytoplasmic immunostains for p24 core protein in all 9 LIP cases. By combining ISH and immunohistochemistry, these results suggest that (i) EBV/p24-carrying cells are likely involved in the development of LIP, either directly or indirectly; (ii) LCs and related dendritic cells are the main reservoir of both EBV and HIV subtype E in pediatric LIP and possibly LCs may play an important role in the recruitment of inflammatory cell infiltrates, especially T cells into these tissues; (iii) coexpression of EBV/p24 in bronchioalveolar epithelium supports the hypothesis that these cells serve as a reactivation source for both viruses to achieve greater quantities in alveolar septum and interstitium around bronchioles. These results indicate a strong association between the presence of HIV core protein p24 and expression of EBV RNA transcripts (EBER). Interactions between LCs and related dendritic cells together with T cells are important for effective HIV and EBV replications. The coexpression of both viruses could be related to the evolution of pediatric LIP in HIV subtype E infection.

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“…Respiratory infections due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can result in chronic interstitial infiltrates and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis; and the presence of EBV in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was hypothesized to amplify the progression of their respiratory decline. 20,21 In this series, infectious agents were isolated in respiratory secretions only after chronic radiographic changes had been noted. A prospective study that included periodic assessment of sputum for pathogens and serum collection for serial serological evaluation might clarify the possible role of viruses or bacteria in causing or accelerating the ILD seen in patients with A-T.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interstitial lung disease in patients with ataxia‐telangiectasia

Schroeder

Swift²,

Sandoval

et al. 2005

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal-recessive multiorgan disease characterized by progressive neurologic deterioration in which the most common causes of death are diseases of the respiratory system and cancers. The aim of this retrospective study was to delineate the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic manifestations of the chronic progressive interstitial lung disease seen in patients with A-T. The medical records of 97 patients with A-T and chronic lung disease were reviewed. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) was specifically diagnosed in 25 of 97 patients. None of these patients had evidence of an infectious process preceding the onset of their lung disease, and none had lasting clinical improvement after treatment with antibiotics. Although many medications were used to treat their ILD, only treatment with systemic corticosteroids early in the course of their illness was associated with clinical and radiographic improvement. Nineteen of these 25 patients with ILD died within 24 months of the onset of their ILD, and of 7 patients treated with corticosteroids, 5 are still alive. Recognition of interstitial lung disease in patients with A-T and its early treatment could reduce or eliminate pulmonary disease as a leading cause of death for these patients.

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Epstein-Barr Virus and Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonitis

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Relationship of Cell Bearing EBER and p24 Antigens in Biopsy-proven Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia in HIV-1 Subtype E Infected Children

Interstitial lung disease in patients with ataxia‐telangiectasia

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