Epstein–Barr Virus Encoded BCL2, BHRF1, Downregulates Autophagy by Noncanonical Binding of BECN1

Abstract

γ-herpesviruses (γHVs) encode BCL2 homologues (vBCL2) that bind the Bcl-2 homology 3 domains (BH3Ds) of diverse proteins, inhibiting apoptosis and promoting host cell and virus survival. vBCLs encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated HV (KSHV) and γHV68 downregulate autophagy, a degradative cellular process crucial for homeostasis and innate immune responses to pathogens, by binding to a BH3D in BECN1, a key autophagy protein. Epstein−Barr virus (EBV) encodes a vBCL2 called BHRF1. Here we show that unlike the KSHV and γHV68 vBCL2s, BHRF1 does not bind the isolated BECN1 BH3D. We use yeast two-hybrid assays to identify the minimal region of BECN1 required and sufficient for binding BHRF1. We confirm that this is a direct, albeit weak, interaction via affinity pull-down assays and isothermal titration calorimetry. To understand the structural bases of BHRF1 specificity, we determined the 2.6 Å crystal structure of BHRF1 bound to the BID BH3D, which binds ∼400-times tighter to BHRF1 than does BECN1, and performed a detailed structural comparison with complexes of diverse BH3Ds bound to BHRF1 and to other antiapoptotic BCL2s. Lastly, we used mammalian cell autophagy assays to demonstrate that BHRF1 downregulates autophagy and that a cell-permeable peptide derived from the BID BH3D inhibits BHRF1-mediated downregulation of autophagy. In summary, our results suggest that BHRF1 downregulates autophagy by noncanonical binding of a flexible region of BECN1 that includes but is not limited to the BH3D and that BH3D-derived peptides that bind better to BHRF1 can block downregulation of autophagy by BHRF1.

Mastering Death: The Roles of Viral Bcl-2 in dsDNA Viruses

“…Autophagy signaling via Beclin 1 is emerging as a principal target for certain Herpesviridae . In particular, EBV BHRF1 downregulates Beclin 1 starvation-induced autophagy in human breast adenocarcinoma cells, and it has been demonstrated in at least two hybrid experiments that BHRF1 interacts directly with Beclin 1 [ 152 ]. Immunoprecipitation experiments performed in HeLa cells also demonstrated that BHRF1 was associated with Beclin 1 in transiently transfected cells and promotes the fragmentation and sequestration of mitochondria in autophagosomes [ 153 ].…”