Equal-loudness levels measured with the method of constant stimuli Equal-loudness level contours for pure tone under free-field listening conditions (II).

Takeshima, Hisashi; Suzuki, Yôiti; Kumagai, Masazumi; Sone, Toshio; Fujimori, Takeshi; Miura, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1250/ast.18.337

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The peak between 1 kHz and 2 kHz in the threshold of hearing has been consistently observed in recent studies [7,8,13,22], while very few data were available at this frequency when ISO 389-7 was standardized. This means that ISO 389-7 should also be revised if ISO 226 is revised.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Similar experiments have been conducted in Germany and in Denmark [9][10][11][12][13]. All these recent studies have consistently shown that equal-loudness levels at frequencies below 1 kHz are significantly higher than the corresponding contours specified in ISO 226.In the high frequency range, however, only few sets of data are available above 70 phons in recent data [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Equal-loudness levels of 90 phons were measured at frequency up to 4 kHz [8] and those of 80 phons were measured up to only 1 kHz [11,13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…For the third presentation and later, the sound pressure level of the variable stimulus was selected randomly within AE4 levels, i.e., within AE8 dB, around the level having the maximum likelihood of PSE calculated from responses up to the current phase in the run. The logistic function with a spread parameter of 5 dB was assumed to be a psychometric function for calculating the likelihoods during a run, since the average standard deviation of the psychometric function measured in our previous experiments [5,7] was 4.9 dB. The pairs of stimuli were presented sixty times in a run to obtain one PSE.…”

Section: Measurement Of Equal-loudness Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This report triggered works to re-determine the ELCs. The authors have been conducting a series of experiments to obtain ELCs for Japanese subjects [5][6][7][8]. Similar experiments have been conducted in Germany and in Denmark [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the high frequency range, however, only few sets of data are available above 70 phons in recent data [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Equal-loudness levels of 90 phons were measured at frequency up to 4 kHz [8] and those of 80 phons were measured up to only 1 kHz [11,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

Takeshima

Suzuki

Ashihara

et al. 2002

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionAn equal-loudness level contour (ELC) is defined as a curve that ties up the sound pressure levels having equal loudness as a function of frequency. ELCs over the whole range of audibility have been standardized as ISO 226 [1], which is based on the data provided by Robinson and Dadson [2]. In 1985, Fastl and Zwicker [3] reported that equalloudness levels of 70 phons at around 400 Hz specified in ISO 226 were inconsistent with those estimated by Zwicker's loudness calculation method specified in ISO 532B [4]. This report triggered works to re-determine the ELCs. The authors have been conducting a series of experiments to obtain ELCs for Japanese subjects [5][6][7][8]. Similar experiments have been conducted in Germany and in Denmark [9][10][11][12][13]. All these recent studies have consistently shown that equal-loudness levels at frequencies below 1 kHz are significantly higher than the corresponding contours specified in ISO 226.In the high frequency range, however, only few sets of data are available above 70 phons in recent data [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Equal-loudness levels of 90 phons were measured at frequency up to 4 kHz [8] and those of 80 phons were measured up to only 1 kHz [11,13]. Therefore, if new equalloudness contours were standardized based on such recent data, it would be quite difficult to standardize the new contours above 70 phons at frequencies above 1 kHz because of the lack of data above 1 kHz at 80 phons. Hence, equalloudness levels at 80 phons for frequencies from 1 kHz to 12.5 kHz as well as equal-loudness levels at 60 phons and thresholds of hearing for the same frequency range were measured in this study. Equal-loudness levels at 60 phons were measured because only one research group, Betke and Mellert [9], has reported data above 1 kHz.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

mentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Measurement Of Equal-loudness Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

Takeshima

Suzuki

Ashihara

et al. 2002

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Fine structure of hearing threshold and loudness perception

Mauermann

Long

Kollmeier

2004

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hearing thresholds measured with high-frequency resolution show a quasiperiodic change in level called threshold fine structure (or microstructure). The effect of this fine structure on loudness perception over a range of stimulus levels was investigated in 12 subjects. Three different approaches were used. Individual hearing thresholds and equal loudness contours were measured in eight subjects using loudness-matching paradigms. In addition, the loudness growth of sinusoids was observed at frequencies associated with individual minima or maxima in the hearing threshold from five subjects using a loudness-matching paradigm. At low levels, loudness growth depended on the position of the test- or reference-tone frequency within the threshold fine structure. The slope of loudness growth differs by 0.2 dB/dB when an identical test tone is compared with two different reference tones, i.e., a difference in loudness growth of 2 dB per 10-dB change in stimulus. Finally, loudness growth was measured for the same five subjects using categorical loudness scaling as a direct-scaling technique with no reference tone instead of the loudness-matching procedures. Overall, an influence of hearing-threshold fine structure on loudness perception of sinusoids was observable for stimulus levels up to 40 dB SPL--independent of the procedure used. Possible implications of fine structure for loudness measurements and other psychoacoustic experiments, such as different compression within threshold minima and maxima, are discussed.

show abstract

Equal-loudness-level contours for pure tones

Suzuki

Takeshima

2004

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Self Cite

201

144

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equal-loudness-level contours provide the foundation for theoretical and practical analyses of intensity-frequency characteristics of auditory systems. Since 1956 equal-loudness-level contours based on the free-field measurements of Robinson and Dadson [Br. J. Appl. Phys. 7, 166-181 (1956)] have been widely accepted. However, in 1987 some questions about the general applicability of these contours were published [H. Fastl and E. Zwicker, Fortschritte der Akustik, DAGA '87, pp. 189-193 (1987)]. As a result, a new international effort to measure equal-loudness-level contours was undertaken. The present paper brings together the results of 12 studies starting in the mid-1980s to arrive at a new set of contours. The new contours estimated in this study are compared with four sets of classic contours taken from the available literature. The contours described by Fletcher and Munson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 82-108 (1933)] exhibit some overall similarity to our proposed estimated contours in the mid-frequency range up to 60 phons. The contours described by Robinson and Dadson exhibit clear differences from the new contours. These differences are most pronounced below 500 Hz and the discrepancy is often as large as 14 dB.

show abstract

Equal-loudness levels measured with the method of constant stimuli Equal-loudness level contours for pure tone under free-field listening conditions (II).

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

Fine structure of hearing threshold and loudness perception

Equal-loudness-level contours for pure tones

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About